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Japaneseness.
JLPT N1 grammar · unit 16 of 37 · review
Name   Date

L16Review L13–L15

Work from memory — don't look back at the earlier sheets. Write each pattern from its meaning, then write what each pattern in part 2 means.

1    Write the pattern from its meaning
'In line with' facts, rules, reality or precedent — you take the standard as it is and act accordingly. Formal written register, common in law, policy and business documents.
N(事実・規則・実情)+ に即して/に即した + N
Offers two example options and implies others are fine too: 'do A or B, whichever'. Used in advice or instructions to someone of equal or lower status, so avoid it with superiors.
N/V-dict + なり + N/V-dict + なり
Means 'without doing X'. With には it stresses that the result would be impossible otherwise. Stiff, written/formal register; the spoken equivalent is 〜ないで/〜ずに.
N + なしに(は)/V-dict + ことなしに(は)
'The moment someone did A, they did B' — the same person, and B is sudden or unexpected. Written/narrative register; the second clause is normally past tense and never a command or intention.
V-dict + なり(後件は過去形・同一主語)
'There's no need to / it isn't worth' reacting that way — used to calm down an over-reaction such as surprise, anger or blame. Formal; pairs with 驚く, 責める, 落ち込む, 感心する.
V-dict(驚く・責める等)+ には当たらない
'Worthy of / good enough to' — states that something has sufficient value to deserve the action. Stiff literary style; the negative 〜に足りない means 'not worth it'.
V-dict/N + に足る + N(否定は〜に足りない)
Marks something that only this person, place or thing could produce — a compliment, not a neutral statement. Common in reviews, ads and travel writing.
N + ならでは(の N)/N + ならではだ
'Being in (a special situation or position)'. Sets up a circumstance that explains what follows; with も it means 'even in'. Formal written style, common in news and speeches.
N + にあって(は/も)
'Not stopping at X, but extending further'. Shows that the scope of something spreads beyond the first, narrower range. Formal written style, very common in news reports.
N/V-dict + にとどまらず
2    What does it mean?
〜に至る / 〜に至るまで
〜に至っては
〜なくして(は)
〜にひきかえ
〜ながらに / 〜ながらの
〜に難くない
〜には及ばない
〜にして
〜に関わる
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Japaneseness.
JLPT N1 grammar · unit 16 of 37 · answer key
ANSWER KEY

L16Review L13–L15

Answers to page 1. If you would rather work without them, print page 1 on its own.

1    Write the pattern from its meaning
'In line with' facts, rules, reality or precedent — you take the standard as it is and act accordingly. Formal written register, common in law, policy and business documents.
N(事実・規則・実情)+ に即して/に即した + N
〜に即して
Offers two example options and implies others are fine too: 'do A or B, whichever'. Used in advice or instructions to someone of equal or lower status, so avoid it with superiors.
N/V-dict + なり + N/V-dict + なり
〜なり〜なり
Means 'without doing X'. With には it stresses that the result would be impossible otherwise. Stiff, written/formal register; the spoken equivalent is 〜ないで/〜ずに.
N + なしに(は)/V-dict + ことなしに(は)
〜なしに(は)
'The moment someone did A, they did B' — the same person, and B is sudden or unexpected. Written/narrative register; the second clause is normally past tense and never a command or intention.
V-dict + なり(後件は過去形・同一主語)
〜なり
'There's no need to / it isn't worth' reacting that way — used to calm down an over-reaction such as surprise, anger or blame. Formal; pairs with 驚く, 責める, 落ち込む, 感心する.
V-dict(驚く・責める等)+ には当たらない
〜には当たらない
'Worthy of / good enough to' — states that something has sufficient value to deserve the action. Stiff literary style; the negative 〜に足りない means 'not worth it'.
V-dict/N + に足る + N(否定は〜に足りない)
〜に足る
Marks something that only this person, place or thing could produce — a compliment, not a neutral statement. Common in reviews, ads and travel writing.
N + ならでは(の N)/N + ならではだ
〜ならでは
'Being in (a special situation or position)'. Sets up a circumstance that explains what follows; with も it means 'even in'. Formal written style, common in news and speeches.
N + にあって(は/も)
〜にあって
'Not stopping at X, but extending further'. Shows that the scope of something spreads beyond the first, narrower range. Formal written style, very common in news reports.
N/V-dict + にとどまらず
〜にとどまらず
2    What does it mean?
〜に至る / 〜に至るまで 〜に至る means a process finally reaches some result or place; 〜に至るまで means 'all the way down to / even including'. Formal written style, typical of reports and news. — N/V-dict + に至る;N + に至るまで
〜に至っては Picks out the most extreme example from a bad situation: 'and as for X, it's even worse'. Always carries a negative or critical evaluation. Formal, mainly written. — N + に至っては(後件は否定的評価)
〜なくして(は) 'Without X, (Y is impossible)' — states an indispensable condition, always followed by a negative or impossibility. Formal written style, common in speeches and slogans. — N/V-dict+こと+なくして(は)+否定・不可能の表現
〜にひきかえ Sets two things side by side to stress how opposite they are, usually praising one and criticizing the other. Carries the speaker's subjective judgment; formal, mostly written. — N + にひきかえ/普通形 + の + にひきかえ
〜ながらに / 〜ながらの Shows a state that stays unchanged while something happens: 'in that state, just as it is'. Mostly fixed expressions (涙ながらに, 昔ながらの, 生まれながらの); literary. — N/V-ますstem+ながらに(副詞的)/ながらの+N
〜に難くない 'It is not hard to imagine/guess'. Used almost only with 想像する, 察する and 理解する. Very formal written Japanese, typical of essays, editorials and condolences. — V-dict(想像する・察する等)+ に難くない;想像 + に難くない
〜には及ばない After a verb it politely declines: 'there is no need to'. After a noun it means 'is no match for'. Polite and formal; the verb use often appears as 〜には及びません. — V-dict + には及ばない(不要)/N + には及ばない(劣る)
〜にして Two uses: after a number or stage it means 'only at / not until'; after a noun it links two qualities, 'both A and B'. Literary and formal, rare in casual speech. — N(年齢・段階)+ にして(初めて)/N + にして + N
〜に関わる 'Has a serious bearing on X' — used when something important such as life, reputation or trust is at stake. Fixed with weighty nouns; formal, common in news and business. — N + に関わる + N/に関わってくる
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