Japaneseness. ← Back Next: L14 →
Japaneseness.
JLPT N1 grammar · unit 13 of 37
Name   Date

L13 JLPT N1 grammar — 〜ながらに / 〜ながらの … 〜なり〜なり

Read each pattern and its example, then write your own sentence on the line.

〜ながらに / 〜ながらの N/V-ますstem+ながらに(副詞的)/ながらの+N
Shows a state that stays unchanged while something happens: 'in that state, just as it is'. Mostly fixed expressions (涙ながらに, 昔ながらの, 生まれながらの); literary.
彼女は涙ながらに当時の状況を語った。 She described the situation at the time in tears.
〜なくして(は) N/V-dict+こと+なくして(は)+否定・不可能の表現
'Without X, (Y is impossible)' — states an indispensable condition, always followed by a negative or impossibility. Formal written style, common in speeches and slogans.
努力なくして成功はあり得ない。 There can be no success without effort.
〜なしに(は) N + なしに(は)/V-dict + ことなしに(は)
Means 'without doing X'. With には it stresses that the result would be impossible otherwise. Stiff, written/formal register; the spoken equivalent is 〜ないで/〜ずに.
予告なしに料金が改定され、苦情が相次いだ。 The fees were revised without notice, and complaints came one after another.
〜ならでは N + ならでは(の N)/N + ならではだ
Marks something that only this person, place or thing could produce — a compliment, not a neutral statement. Common in reviews, ads and travel writing.
この繊細な味わいは老舗ならではだ。 This delicate flavor is something only a long-established shop can achieve.
〜なり V-dict + なり(後件は過去形・同一主語)
'The moment someone did A, they did B' — the same person, and B is sudden or unexpected. Written/narrative register; the second clause is normally past tense and never a command or intention.
彼は部屋に入るなり、大声で泣き出した。 The moment he entered the room, he burst into loud tears.
〜なり〜なり N/V-dict + なり + N/V-dict + なり
Offers two example options and implies others are fine too: 'do A or B, whichever'. Used in advice or instructions to someone of equal or lower status, so avoid it with superiors.
電話なりメールなり、必ず先方に連絡してください。 Contact them by phone or email — either way, be sure to get in touch.
japaneseness.com · ← L12 · L14 → Japaneseness · CC BY-SA 4.0