Use です (formal) / だ (casual) to link a topic with a noun.

Marks the topic of the sentence. Pronounced 'wa'.

Marks the grammatical subject, often new information.

Marks the direct object of a transitive verb. Pronounced 'o'.

Marks a destination, point in time, or static location.

Marks the means/method, or the place where an action occurs.

Joins nouns ('and'), or marks a person you do an action with.

Placed at the end of a sentence to make it a question.

Means 'also' / 'too'. Replaces は or を to express addition.

Connects two nouns; expresses possession or modification.

Adjectives ending in い. Conjugate by changing the い ending.

Use な before nouns; use です to predicate.

Polite present/future verb form. Negation: ません.

Negative form of ます verbs.

Past tense of ます verbs.

Past negative of ます verbs.

Connective form used for requests, sequences, and progressives.

Numbers + counter suffix vary by what you count.

Demonstrative pronouns: this / that / that-far / which.

Question words: what / who / where / when.