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Placed at the end of a sentence to make it a question.
sentence + か (です → ですか / ます → ますか)
か (question marker)
Marks the means/method, or the place where an action occurs.
means で V / place で V (action)
で (means / place of action)
Demonstrative pronouns: this / that / that-far / which.
これ / それ / あれ / どれ + は・を・が …
これ・それ・あれ・どれ
Past tense of ます verbs.
V-stem + ました
ました (polite past)
Connects two nouns; expresses possession or modification.
N1 の N2
の (possessive / modifier)
Use な before nouns; use です to predicate.
Aな + N / A です / A じゃない です
な-adjective basics
Marks the direct object of a transitive verb. Pronounced 'o'.
N を + transitive verb
を (direct object marker)
Marks a destination, point in time, or static location.
place に 行きます / time に V / place に あります・います
に (location / time marker)
Past negative of ます verbs.
V-stem + ませんでした
ませんでした (polite past negative)
Use です (formal) / だ (casual) to link a topic with a noun.
N1 は N2 です (casual: N1 は N2 だ)
Aは Bです (X is Y)
ません (polite negative) Negative form of ます verbs. — V-stem + ません
と (with / and) Joins nouns ('and'), or marks a person you do an action with. — N1 と N2 / person と V
も (also) Means 'also' / 'too'. Replaces は or を to express addition. — N も + predicate (replaces は / が / を)
て-form basics Connective form used for requests, sequences, and progressives. — V-て + ください / V-て、V / V-て います
は (topic marker) Marks the topic of the sentence. Pronounced 'wa'. — N は + predicate (noun / adjective / verb)
Counters (人, 個, 本, 枚) Numbers + counter suffix vary by what you count. — number + counter: 〜人 (people), 〜つ/個 (things), 〜本 (long), 〜枚 (flat)
が (subject marker) Marks the grammatical subject, often new information. — N が + verb / adjective
なに / だれ / どこ / いつ Question words: what / who / where / when. — N は なに / だれ / どこ / いつ ですか
い-adjective basics Adjectives ending in い. Conjugate by changing the い ending. — Aい + N / Aい です / Aくない です
ます-form (polite verbs) Polite present/future verb form. Negation: ません. — V-stem + ます (食べます・行きます・見ます)