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Describes a change that is steadily in progress: 'is gradually becoming'. Formal and typical of news reports and written Japanese rather than casual speech.
V-ます形 + つつある
〜つつある
Like 〜末に but the ending is always unwelcome: after all that trouble, a bad result came. Carries the speaker's exasperation; used in speech and writing alike.
V-た / N + の + あげく（に）
〜あげく
Says a realization or ability came only after experiencing something: 'it was only after X that Y'. Often used for lessons learned; neutral to slightly formal.
V-て + はじめて（後件は気づき・理解が多い）
〜てはじめて
Says something tends to happen often, usually an unwanted tendency. Describes a habit or repeated state rather than a single event; neutral register.
V-ます形 / N + がち（だ／の）
〜がち
Presents two contrasting sides of the same situation or person: 'on one hand …, on the other …'. Written and formal-leaning; frequent in essays and news.
V-dict / い形 / な形-な・である / N-である + 一方で
〜一方で
Says the result went against an expectation, prediction or rule. Formal and mostly written; the noun before it is usually 予想・期待・予報・命令.
N + に反して（名詞修飾は N に反する N）
〜に反して
Says a situation keeps moving in one direction and nothing stops it, usually a bad one: 'keeps getting more and more'. Slightly formal, common in news and reports.
V-dict（変化を表す動詞）+ 一方だ
〜一方だ
Says that after a long process of effort or hesitation, a final result was reached. The outcome may be good or bad. Formal and mostly written.
V-た / N + の + 末（すえ）に
〜末に
Two events happen almost at the same instant: 'no sooner had X happened than Y'. Describes actual past events, so the second clause is normally past tense.
V-dict + か + V-ない + かのうちに（後件は過去形）
〜か〜ないかのうちに
〜に比べて Introduces a standard of comparison: 'compared with X'. Neutral in register and used freely in both conversation and writing; に比べ is the shorter written form. — N + に比べて（に比べ）
〜反面 Points out an opposite quality of the same thing: 'X, but on the other side of it, Y'. Used mainly for evaluating merits and demerits; slightly written in tone. — V-dict / い形 / な形-な・である / N-である + 反面
〜つつ A written-style 〜ながら: either two simultaneous actions by the same person, or 'even though I know X, I still do Y' (with つつも especially). — V-ます形 + つつ（も）
〜かわりに Means doing one thing instead of another, or giving something in exchange for something else. Everyday register, used in both speech and writing. — N + の / V-dict / V-た + かわりに
〜に代わって Means acting on behalf of someone, or one thing replacing another over time. More formal than 〜のかわりに and common in announcements and written Japanese. — N + に代わって（に代わり）
〜のもとで States the conditions, rules or supervision under which something is done: 'under X'. Formal and largely written; のもとに is a close variant. — N + のもとで（のもとに）
〜きる / 〜きれない 〜きる means doing something completely, all the way to the end; 〜きれない means being unable to finish or handle it all. Both attach to the verb stem; everyday register. — V-ます形 + きる／きれる／きれない
〜ぬく Means carrying an action through to the end despite difficulty, stressing effort and persistence. Stronger and more emotional than 〜きる; common in writing and speeches. — V-ます形 + ぬく
〜たところ Reports what was discovered as a result of doing something: 'when I did X, (it turned out that) Y'. The result is factual, not planned. Formal, common in reports and email. — V-た + ところ（後件は過去の事実）