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Question word + plain form + か. Embeds a question with a question word (何, どこ, いつ, etc.) inside a larger sentence.
疑問詞 + plain form + か + 分からない/知っている/教える
〜か (embedded question)
V-た + きり means 'ever since X, (nothing has happened)'. N + きり means 'only, just'. The main clause is often negative.
V-た + きり (+ negative); N + きり
〜きり
N / V-dict + ほど. With a negative, 'not as ... as X'. With a positive, 'to the extent that', showing a degree.
N + ほど + ...ない; V-dict/い-adj + ほど + clause
〜ほど
Verb (te-form) + ばかりいる. Means 'do nothing but X', usually criticizing someone for always doing the same thing.
V-te + ばかりいる
〜てばかりいる
N / clause + というのは + explanation. Introduces a word or idea as a topic to define or explain it: 'what X means is', 'X is (a thing that)'.
N + というのは + ... ことだ / という意味だ
〜というのは
N / plain clause + という + N. Means 'called X' when naming something, or 'the fact that / that' when a clause describes the noun.
N + という + N; plain clause + という + N
〜という
V-ば + V-dict + ほど / い-adj-ければ + い-adj + ほど. Means 'the more X, the more Y'. The same verb or adjective is repeated.
V-ば + V-dict + ほど; い-adj-ければ + い-adj + ほど; な-adj-なら + な-adj-な + ほど
〜ば〜ほど
Noun / V-plain / adjective + くらい・ぐらい. Gives an approximate amount or shows the degree of something ("about", "so … that", "at least").
N / V-plain / A + くらい(ぐらい)
〜くらい / 〜ぐらい
Noun / V-stem / A-i stem + っぽい. Means "-ish, like, tends to", often with a slightly negative feel. Works like an i-adjective.
N / V-stem / A-i(−い) + っぽい
〜っぽい
Noun / V-plain / A + ばかりでなく … (も). Means "not only … but also"; slightly more formal than だけでなく.
N / V-plain / A + ばかりでなく〜も
〜ばかりでなく
〜さえ Noun + さえ. Means "even", giving an extreme example to emphasize that something applies to everything else too. — N + さえ / V-te + さえ
〜といえば N + といえば. Means 'speaking of X', picking up something just mentioned and giving a related thought or association. — N + といえば / といったら
〜ずつ Number/quantity + ずつ. Means "each / at a time", giving an equal amount per person or per step. — 数量詞 + ずつ
〜だけでなく Noun / V-plain / A + だけでなく … (も). Means "not only … but also", adding a second point on top of the first. — N / V-plain / A + だけでなく〜も
〜ばかり Noun + ばかり. Means 'only' or 'nothing but', often with a negative feeling that there is too much of one thing. — N + ばかり / V-te + ばかり
〜さえ〜ば Noun + さえ + V-ba / A-ければ. Means "if only … / as long as …", stating the one condition that is enough for a result. — N + さえ + V-ba / V-stem + さえすれば
〜かどうか Plain form + かどうか. Means 'whether or not'. Embeds a yes/no question inside a sentence, often before 分からない, 聞く, 確かめる. — V/い-adj plain + かどうか; な-adj/N + かどうか
〜にくい / 〜やすい V-stem + にくい / やすい. Means "hard to do" / "easy to do" (or "tends to"). The result works like an i-adjective. — V-stem + にくい / やすい
〜すぎる V-stem / A-i stem / A-na + すぎる. Means "too much / excessively". — V-stem / A-i(−い) / A-na + すぎる
〜がる A-i stem / A-na / V-tai stem (drop い) + がる. Describes another person showing signs of a feeling or wish ("seems to feel", "acts like"). — A-i(−い) / A-na / V-tai(−い) + がる