JLPT N2 vocabulary — the full list
1500 words · 75 themes · printable sets →
Ctrl/Cmd + F finds a word. Each theme links to its two-page practice sheet.
Readings are the everyday ones; where a number has two, the sheet says so.
Y1 Abstract concepts I — 抽象概念① 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 概念 | がいねん | gainen | concept | noun |
| 概要 | がいよう | gaiyō | outline, summary | noun |
| 要素 | ようそ | yōso | element, factor | noun |
| 要因 | よういん | yōin | contributing factor | noun |
| 原則 | げんそく | gensoku | principle, rule | noun |
| 規模 | きぼ | kibo | scale, scope | noun |
| 構造 | こうぞう | kōzō | structure | noun |
| 構成 | こうせい | kōsei | composition, make-up | noun |
| 仕組み | しくみ | shikumi | mechanism, arrangement | noun |
| 体系 | たいけい | taikei | system, framework | noun |
| 分野 | ぶんや | bun'ya | field, area (of study) | noun |
| 領域 | りょういき | ryōiki | domain, territory | noun |
| 対象 | たいしょう | taishō | object, target, subject | noun |
| 現象 | げんしょう | genshō | phenomenon | noun |
| 特性 | とくせい | tokusei | characteristic, property | noun |
| 性能 | せいのう | seinō | performance (of a machine) | noun |
| 効率 | こうりつ | kōritsu | efficiency | noun |
| 品質 | ひんしつ | hinshitsu | quality | noun |
| 水準 | すいじゅん | suijun | level, standard | noun |
| 基盤 | きばん | kiban | foundation, base | noun |
Y2 Abstract concepts II — 抽象概念② 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 前提 | ぜんてい | zentei | premise, precondition | noun |
| 制約 | せいやく | seiyaku | restriction, constraint | noun |
| 対策 | たいさく | taisaku | countermeasure | noun |
| 手法 | しゅほう | shuhō | method, technique | noun |
| 方針 | ほうしん | hōshin | policy, course of action | noun |
| 戦略 | せんりゃく | senryaku | strategy | noun |
| 体制 | たいせい | taisei | system, structure (of an organisation) | noun |
| 機関 | きかん | kikan | institution, organ, agency | noun |
| 傾斜 | けいしゃ | keisha | incline, slope; leaning | noun |
| 観点 | かんてん | kanten | point of view | noun |
| 視点 | してん | shiten | viewpoint | noun |
| 側面 | そくめん | sokumen | aspect, side | noun |
| 本質 | ほんしつ | honshitsu | essence, true nature | noun |
| 根拠 | こんきょ | konkyo | grounds, basis | noun |
| 根本 | こんぽん | konpon | root, foundation | noun |
| 趣旨 | しゅし | shushi | purport, aim | noun |
| 焦点 | しょうてん | shōten | focus | noun |
| 傾度 | けいど | keido | gradient, degree of inclination | noun |
| 枠組み | わくぐみ | wakugumi | framework | noun |
| 背後 | はいご | haigo | behind, the background | noun |
Y3 Economy and finance I — 経済と金融① 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 資本 | しほん | shihon | capital | noun |
| 財政 | ざいせい | zaisei | public finance | noun |
| 収益 | しゅうえき | shūeki | earnings, revenue | noun |
| 利潤 | りじゅん | rijun | profit | noun |
| 需要 | じゅよう | juyō | demand | noun |
| 供給 | きょうきゅう | kyōkyū | supply | noun |
| 市場 | しじょう | shijō | market | noun |
| 独占 | どくせん | dokusen | monopoly | noun |
| 関税 | かんぜい | kanzei | customs duty, tariff | noun |
| 為替 | かわせ | kawase | exchange (currency) | noun |
| 相場 | そうば | sōba | market price, the going rate | noun |
| 株式 | かぶしき | kabushiki | stocks, shares | noun |
| 債券 | さいけん | saiken | bond (financial) | noun |
| 金利 | きんり | kinri | interest rate | noun |
| 融資 | ゆうし | yūshi | financing, a loan | noun |
| 経営 | けいえい | keiei | management (of a business) | noun |
| 成長率 | せいちょうりつ | seichōritsu | growth rate | noun |
| 統計 | とうけい | tōkei | statistics | noun |
| 指標 | しひょう | shihyō | indicator, index | noun |
| 好況 | こうきょう | kōkyō | boom, good business conditions | noun |
Y4 Economy and finance II — 経済と金融② 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 資産 | しさん | shisan | assets | noun |
| 負債 | ふさい | fusai | liabilities, debt | noun |
| 出費 | しゅっぴ | shuppi | expenditure, outlay | noun |
| 経費 | けいひ | keihi | expenses (business) | noun |
| 損失 | そんしつ | sonshitsu | loss | noun |
| 利益率 | りえきりつ | riekiritsu | profit margin | noun |
| 課税 | かぜい | kazei | taxation | noun |
| 税率 | ぜいりつ | zeiritsu | tax rate | noun |
| 保険 | ほけん | hoken | insurance | noun |
| 年金 | ねんきん | nenkin | pension | noun |
| 貯蓄 | ちょちく | chochiku | savings | noun |
| 口座 | こうざ | kōza | bank account | noun |
| 残高 | ざんだか | zandaka | balance (of an account) | noun |
| 振込 | ふりこみ | furikomi | bank transfer | noun |
| 経理 | けいり | keiri | accounting (as a function) | noun |
| 決算 | けっさん | kessan | settlement of accounts | noun |
| 予算案 | よさんあん | yosan'an | draft budget | noun |
| 補助 | ほじょ | hojo | assistance, subsidy | noun |
| 徴収 | ちょうしゅう | chōshū | collection (of fees, tax) | noun |
| 給与 | きゅうよ | kyūyo | pay, salary | noun |
Y5 Business and management — 企業と経営 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 本社 | ほんしゃ | honsha | head office | noun |
| 支社 | ししゃ | shisha | branch office | noun |
| 部署 | ぶしょ | busho | department, post | noun |
| 役員 | やくいん | yakuin | director, executive | noun |
| 株主 | かぶぬし | kabunushi | shareholder | noun |
| 合併 | がっぺい | gappei | merger | noun |
| 拡大 | かくだい | kakudai | expansion, enlargement | noun |
| 縮小 | しゅくしょう | shukushō | reduction, downsizing | noun |
| 商談 | しょうだん | shōdan | business talks | noun |
| 得意先 | とくいさき | tokuisaki | regular customer, client | noun |
| 受注 | じゅちゅう | juchū | receiving an order | noun |
| 契約書 | けいやくしょ | keiyakusho | contract (document) | noun |
| 業績 | ぎょうせき | gyōseki | business results, performance | noun |
| 実績 | じっせき | jisseki | track record, results | noun |
| 目標値 | もくひょうち | mokuhyōchi | target figure | noun |
| 企画 | きかく | kikaku | planning, a project | noun |
| 提携 | ていけい | teikei | tie-up, partnership | noun |
| 競合 | きょうごう | kyōgō | competition, competing firm | noun |
| 市場調査 | しじょうちょうさ | shijō chōsa | market research | noun |
| 納期 | のうき | nōki | delivery date, deadline | noun |
Y6 Politics and administration — 政治と行政 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 衆議院 | しゅうぎいん | shūgiin | the House of Representatives | noun |
| 内閣 | ないかく | naikaku | the cabinet | noun |
| 参議院 | さんぎいん | sangiin | the House of Councillors | noun |
| 議席 | ぎせき | giseki | seat (in a parliament) | noun |
| 法案 | ほうあん | hōan | bill (proposed law) | noun |
| 可決 | かけつ | kaketsu | approval, passing (a bill) | noun |
| 否決 | ひけつ | hiketsu | rejection (of a bill) | noun |
| 有権者 | ゆうけんしゃ | yūkensha | voter, the electorate | noun |
| 選挙区 | せんきょく | senkyoku | electoral district | noun |
| 憲法 | けんぽう | kenpō | constitution | noun |
| 行政 | ぎょうせい | gyōsei | administration, the executive | noun |
| 官庁 | かんちょう | kanchō | government office | noun |
| 自治体 | じちたい | jichitai | local government body | noun |
| 官僚 | かんりょう | kanryō | bureaucrat, officialdom | noun |
| 政権 | せいけん | seiken | political power, an administration | noun |
| 与党 | よとう | yotō | the governing party | noun |
| 野党 | やとう | yatō | the opposition party | noun |
| 演説 | えんぜつ | enzetsu | a speech (public) | noun |
| 支持率 | しじりつ | shijiritsu | approval rating | noun |
| 公約 | こうやく | kōyaku | public pledge, manifesto promise | noun |
Y7 Law and justice — 法律と司法 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 法律家 | ほうりつか | hōritsuka | jurist, legal professional | noun |
| 条例 | じょうれい | jōrei | local ordinance | noun |
| 条項 | じょうこう | jōkō | clause, article (of a contract) | noun |
| 司法 | しほう | shihō | the judiciary | noun |
| 義務者 | ぎむしゃ | gimusha | the party under an obligation | noun |
| 立法 | りっぽう | rippō | legislation | noun |
| 告訴 | こくそ | kokuso | criminal complaint | noun |
| 訴訟 | そしょう | soshō | lawsuit | noun |
| 原告 | げんこく | genkoku | plaintiff | noun |
| 被告 | ひこく | hikoku | defendant | noun |
| 証言 | しょうげん | shōgen | testimony | noun |
| 証拠品 | しょうこひん | shōkohin | material evidence | noun |
| 審査 | しんさ | shinsa | examination, screening | noun |
| 審判 | しんぱん | shinpan | judgement; referee | noun |
| 控訴 | こうそ | kōso | appeal (to a higher court) | noun |
| 有効 | ゆうこう | yūkō | valid, effective | な-adjective |
| 無効 | むこう | mukō | invalid, void | な-adjective |
| 処分 | しょぶん | shobun | disposal; disciplinary action | noun |
| 責任者 | せきにんしゃ | sekininsha | the person responsible | noun |
| 規制 | きせい | kisei | regulation, control | noun |
Y8 Society and welfare — 社会と福祉 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 世帯数 | せたいすう | setaisū | number of households | noun |
| 出生率 | しゅっしょうりつ | shusshōritsu | birth rate | noun |
| 高齢化 | こうれいか | kōreika | population ageing | noun |
| 少子化 | しょうしか | shōshika | falling birth rate | noun |
| 世代 | せだい | sedai | generation | noun |
| 階層 | かいそう | kaisō | social stratum, class | noun |
| 格差 | かくさ | kakusa | gap, disparity | noun |
| 貧困 | ひんこん | hinkon | poverty | noun |
| 多様性 | たようせい | tayōsei | diversity | noun |
| 偏見 | へんけん | henken | prejudice | noun |
| 福祉 | ふくし | fukushi | welfare | noun |
| 支援 | しえん | shien | support, assistance | noun |
| 援助 | えんじょ | enjo | aid, help | noun |
| 寄付 | きふ | kifu | donation | noun |
| 奉仕 | ほうし | hōshi | service (to others) | noun |
| 住民票 | じゅうみんひょう | jūminhyō | certificate of residence | noun |
| 市民権 | しみんけん | shiminken | citizenship | noun |
| 過疎 | かそ | kaso | depopulation (of rural areas) | noun |
| 扶養 | ふよう | fuyō | supporting a dependant | noun |
| 人権 | じんけん | jinken | human rights | noun |
Y9 Education and research — 教育と研究 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 教育制度 | きょういくせいど | kyōiku seido | the education system | noun |
| 履修 | りしゅう | rishū | taking a course | noun |
| 受講 | じゅこう | jukō | attending a course | noun |
| 研修 | けんしゅう | kenshū | training (in-service) | noun |
| 講座 | こうざ | kōza | course, lecture series | noun |
| 教材 | きょうざい | kyōzai | teaching materials | noun |
| 課程 | かてい | katei | curriculum, course | noun |
| 学位 | がくい | gakui | academic degree | noun |
| 修士 | しゅうし | shūshi | master's degree | noun |
| 博士 | はかせ | hakase | doctorate; expert | noun |
| 論理 | ろんり | ronri | logic | noun |
| 仮説 | かせつ | kasetsu | hypothesis | noun |
| 理論 | りろん | riron | theory | noun |
| 実証 | じっしょう | jisshō | empirical proof | noun |
| 検証 | けんしょう | kenshō | verification | noun |
| 分析 | ぶんせき | bunseki | analysis | noun |
| 考察 | こうさつ | kōsatsu | consideration, discussion (in a paper) | noun |
| 引用 | いんよう | in'yō | quotation, citation | noun |
| 文献 | ぶんけん | bunken | literature, references | noun |
| 執筆 | しっぴつ | shippitsu | writing (an article, a book) | noun |
Y10 Science and technology — 科学と技術 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 物質 | ぶっしつ | busshitsu | substance, matter | noun |
| 元素 | げんそ | genso | chemical element | noun |
| 分子 | ぶんし | bunshi | molecule | noun |
| 細胞 | さいぼう | saibō | cell (biological) | noun |
| 遺伝 | いでん | iden | heredity, genetics | noun |
| 重力 | じゅうりょく | jūryoku | gravity | noun |
| 圧力 | あつりょく | atsuryoku | pressure | noun |
| 温度差 | おんどさ | ondosa | temperature difference | noun |
| 観測 | かんそく | kansoku | observation (scientific) | noun |
| 測定值 | そくていち | sokuteichi | measured value | noun |
| 装置類 | そうちるい | sōchirui | equipment, apparatus | noun |
| 機構 | きこう | kikō | mechanism; organisation | noun |
| 技師 | ぎし | gishi | engineer, technician | noun |
| 応用 | おうよう | ōyō | application (of knowledge) | noun |
| 実用 | じつよう | jitsuyō | practical use | noun |
| 人工 | じんこう | jinkō | artificial, man-made | noun |
| 自動化 | じどうか | jidōka | automation | noun |
| 宇宙船 | うちゅうせん | uchūsen | spacecraft | noun |
| 衛星 | えいせい | eisei | satellite | noun |
| 反応 | はんのう | hannō | reaction, response | noun |
Y11 Industry and manufacturing — 産業と製造 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 加工 | かこう | kakō | processing, working (material) | noun |
| 組立 | くみたて | kumitate | assembly, construction | noun |
| 工程 | こうてい | kōtei | process, stage of work | noun |
| 作業 | さぎょう | sagyō | work, operation | noun |
| 原料 | げんりょう | genryō | raw material | noun |
| 品目 | ひんもく | hinmoku | item, line of goods | noun |
| 稼働率 | かどうりつ | kadōritsu | operating rate, utilisation | noun |
| 在庫 | ざいこ | zaiko | stock, inventory | noun |
| 出荷 | しゅっか | shukka | shipment | noun |
| 納入 | のうにゅう | nōnyū | delivery (to a customer) | noun |
| 検品 | けんぴん | kenpin | goods inspection | noun |
| 不良品 | ふりょうひん | furyōhin | defective item | noun |
| 耐久性 | たいきゅうせい | taikyūsei | durability | noun |
| 開発費 | かいはつひ | kaihatsuhi | development costs | noun |
| 特許 | とっきょ | tokkyo | patent | noun |
| 規格 | きかく | kikaku | standard, specification | noun |
| 量産 | りょうさん | ryōsan | mass production | noun |
| 稼働 | かどう | kadō | operation (of a machine or plant) | noun |
| 職人 | しょくにん | shokunin | craftsman | noun |
| 熟練 | じゅくれん | jukuren | skill, proficiency | noun |
Y12 Resources and agriculture — 資源と農業 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 農業 | のうぎょう | nōgyō | agriculture | noun |
| 漁業 | ぎょぎょう | gyogyō | fishing industry | noun |
| 林業 | りんぎょう | ringyō | forestry | noun |
| 栽培 | さいばい | saibai | cultivation, growing | noun |
| 収穫 | しゅうかく | shūkaku | harvest | noun |
| 耕す | たがやす | tagayasu | to till, to plough | verb |
| 牧場 | ぼくじょう | bokujō | pasture, ranch | noun |
| 酪農 | らくのう | rakunō | dairy farming | noun |
| 飼料 | しりょう | shiryō | animal feed | noun |
| 肥料 | ひりょう | hiryō | fertiliser | noun |
| 農薬 | のうやく | nōyaku | agricultural chemicals | noun |
| 伐採 | ばっさい | bassai | logging, felling | noun |
| 鉱物 | こうぶつ | kōbutsu | mineral | noun |
| 石油 | せきゆ | sekiyu | petroleum, oil | noun |
| 石炭 | せきたん | sekitan | coal | noun |
| 天然 | てんねん | tennen | natural (occurring in nature) | noun |
| 土壌 | どじょう | dojō | soil | noun |
| 埋蔵 | まいぞう | maizō | deposits, buried reserves | noun |
| 採取 | さいしゅ | saishu | gathering, extraction | noun |
| 自給 | じきゅう | jikyū | self-sufficiency | noun |
Y13 Environment and energy — 環境とエネルギー 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 排水 | はいすい | haisui | drainage, waste water | noun |
| 排出 | はいしゅつ | haishutsu | emission, discharge | noun |
| 廃棄物 | はいきぶつ | haikibutsu | waste | noun |
| 処理場 | しょりじょう | shorijō | treatment plant | noun |
| 再生 | さいせい | saisei | regeneration, recycling; playback | noun |
| 保護区 | ほごく | hogoku | protected area, reserve | noun |
| 自然環境 | しぜんかんきょう | shizen kankyō | the natural environment | noun |
| 生態 | せいたい | seitai | ecology, mode of life | noun |
| 絶滅 | ぜつめつ | zetsumetsu | extinction | noun |
| 排気 | はいき | haiki | exhaust (gas) | noun |
| 悪臭 | あくしゅう | akushū | bad smell, stench | noun |
| 森林 | しんりん | shinrin | forest, woodland | noun |
| 省エネ | しょうえね | shōene | energy saving | noun |
| 炭素 | たんそ | tanso | carbon | noun |
| 水質 | すいしつ | suishitsu | water quality | noun |
| 送電 | そうでん | sōden | power transmission | noun |
| 消費量 | しょうひりょう | shōhiryō | amount consumed | noun |
| 発電 | はつでん | hatsuden | power generation | noun |
| 火力 | かりょく | karyoku | thermal power | noun |
| 風力 | ふうりょく | fūryoku | wind power | noun |
Y14 Media and publishing — 報道と出版 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 通信社 | つうしんしゃ | tsūshinsha | news agency | noun |
| 特派員 | とくはいん | tokuhain | correspondent | noun |
| 速報 | そくほう | sokuhō | news flash, prompt report | noun |
| 社説 | しゃせつ | shasetsu | editorial | noun |
| 号外 | ごうがい | gōgai | extra edition | noun |
| 欄 | らん | ran | column, section (of a paper) | noun |
| 記事内容 | きじないよう | kiji naiyō | the content of an article | noun |
| 校正 | こうせい | kōsei | proofreading | noun |
| 発行 | はっこう | hakkō | publication, issue | noun |
| 部数 | ぶすう | busū | number of copies, circulation | noun |
| 連載 | れんさい | rensai | serialisation | noun |
| 投稿 | とうこう | tōkō | contribution, a post | noun |
| 放送局 | ほうそうきょく | hōsōkyoku | broadcasting station | noun |
| 視聴率 | しちょうりつ | shichōritsu | viewing figures | noun |
| 中継 | ちゅうけい | chūkei | relay, live broadcast | noun |
| 番組表 | ばんぐみひょう | bangumihyō | programme schedule | noun |
| 広告主 | こうこくぬし | kōkokunushi | advertiser | noun |
| 広報 | こうほう | kōhō | public relations | noun |
| 世論 | よろん | yoron | public opinion | noun |
| 検閲 | けんえつ | ken'etsu | censorship | noun |
Y15 Information and data — 情報とデータ 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 情報源 | じょうほうげん | jōhōgen | source of information | noun |
| 資料室 | しりょうしつ | shiryōshitsu | reference room, archive | noun |
| 名簿 | めいぼ | meibo | list of names, register | noun |
| 台帳 | だいちょう | daichō | ledger, register | noun |
| 索引 | さくいん | sakuin | index | noun |
| 項目 | こうもく | kōmoku | item, entry | noun |
| 欄外 | らんがい | rangai | margin (of a page) | noun |
| 集計 | しゅうけい | shūkei | tallying, totalling | noun |
| 抽出 | ちゅうしゅつ | chūshutsu | extraction, sampling | noun |
| 並び替え | ならびかえ | narabikae | sorting, reordering | noun |
| 複製 | ふくせい | fukusei | reproduction, a copy | noun |
| 暗号 | あんごう | angō | code, cipher, password | noun |
| 認証 | にんしょう | ninshō | authentication, certification | noun |
| 漏洩 | ろうえい | rōei | leak (of information) | noun |
| 流出 | りゅうしゅつ | ryūshutsu | outflow, leakage | noun |
| 容量 | ようりょう | yōryō | capacity | noun |
| 端子 | たんし | tanshi | terminal, connector | noun |
| 回線 | かいせん | kaisen | line, circuit (network) | noun |
| 通信量 | つうしんりょう | tsūshinryō | data traffic | noun |
| 処理速度 | しょりそくど | shori sokudo | processing speed | noun |
Y16 Medicine and treatment — 医療と治療 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 内科 | ないか | naika | internal medicine | noun |
| 外科 | げか | geka | surgery (department) | noun |
| 診療 | しんりょう | shinryō | medical examination and treatment | noun |
| 症例 | しょうれい | shōrei | a case (of an illness) | noun |
| 患者数 | かんじゃすう | kanjasū | number of patients | noun |
| 医療費 | いりょうひ | iryōhi | medical costs | noun |
| 看護 | かんご | kango | nursing | noun |
| 薬剤 | やくざい | yakuzai | medicine, drug (formal) | noun |
| 投薬 | とうやく | tōyaku | administering medication | noun |
| 免疫 | めんえき | men'eki | immunity | noun |
| 感染 | かんせん | kansen | infection | noun |
| 予防接種 | よぼうせっしゅ | yobō sesshu | vaccination | noun |
| 病原 | びょうげん | byōgen | pathogen, cause of disease | noun |
| 治療法 | ちりょうほう | chiryōhō | treatment method | noun |
| 手術室 | しゅじゅつしつ | shujutsushitsu | operating theatre | noun |
| 救命 | きゅうめい | kyūmei | life-saving | noun |
| 介護士 | かいごし | kaigoshi | care worker | noun |
| リハビリ | りはびり | rihabiri | rehabilitation | noun |
| 意識不明 | いしきふめい | ishiki fumei | unconscious | noun |
| 経過 | けいか | keika | progress, course (of an illness, of time) | noun |
Y17 Mind and psychology — 心と心理 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 心理 | しんり | shinri | psychology, mentality | noun |
| 精神 | せいしん | seishin | spirit, mind | noun |
| 記憶力 | きおくりょく | kiokuryoku | memory (the faculty) | noun |
| 認識 | にんしき | ninshiki | recognition, understanding | noun |
| 知覚 | ちかく | chikaku | perception | noun |
| 直感 | ちょっかん | chokkan | intuition | noun |
| 本能 | ほんのう | honnō | instinct | noun |
| 欲求 | よっきゅう | yokkyū | desire, need | noun |
| 衝動 | しょうどう | shōdō | impulse | noun |
| 自我 | じが | jiga | the self, the ego | noun |
| 個性 | こせい | kosei | individuality, personality | noun |
| 素質 | そしつ | soshitsu | natural aptitude | noun |
| 資質 | ししつ | shishitsu | nature, temperament, capacity | noun |
| 気質 | きしつ | kishitsu | disposition, temperament | noun |
| 共感 | きょうかん | kyōkan | empathy, sympathy | noun |
| 発想 | はっそう | hassō | way of thinking, an idea | noun |
| 連想 | れんそう | rensō | association (of ideas) | noun |
| 錯覚 | さっかく | sakkaku | illusion, mistaken impression | noun |
| 自覚 | じかく | jikaku | self-awareness | noun |
| 無意識 | むいしき | muishiki | unconscious, unaware | な-adjective |
Y18 Character — 人柄と気質 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 誠実 | せいじつ | seijitsu | sincere, honest | な-adjective |
| 率直 | そっちょく | sotchoku | frank, candid | な-adjective |
| 慎重 | しんちょう | shinchō | cautious, careful | な-adjective |
| 大胆 | だいたん | daitan | bold, daring | な-adjective |
| 温厚 | おんこう | onkō | gentle, mild-mannered | な-adjective |
| 忍耐 | にんたい | nintai | patience, endurance | noun |
| 寛容 | かんよう | kan'yō | tolerant, broad-minded | な-adjective |
| 傲慢 | ごうまん | gōman | arrogant | な-adjective |
| 謙虚 | けんきょ | kenkyo | humble, modest | な-adjective |
| 陰気 | いんき | inki | gloomy, dismal | な-adjective |
| 神経質 | しんけいしつ | shinkeishitsu | highly strung, nervous | な-adjective |
| 几帳面 | きちょうめん | kichōmen | methodical, punctilious | な-adjective |
| 大雑把 | おおざっぱ | ōzappa | rough, slapdash | な-adjective |
| 愛想 | あいそ | aiso | amiability, sociability | noun |
| 勤勉 | きんべん | kinben | diligent, hard-working | な-adjective |
| 怠慢 | たいまん | taiman | negligent, lazy | な-adjective |
| 利口 | りこう | rikō | clever, smart | な-adjective |
| 器用 | きよう | kiyō | dexterous, skilful | な-adjective |
| 不器用 | ぶきよう | bukiyō | clumsy | な-adjective |
| 強情 | ごうじょう | gōjō | stubborn, obstinate | な-adjective |
Y19 Human relations — 人間関係 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 交際 | こうさい | kōsai | association, going out with | noun |
| 面識 | めんしき | menshiki | acquaintance (knowing by sight) | noun |
| 縁 | えん | en | connection, ties, fate | noun |
| 絆 | きずな | kizuna | bond, ties | noun |
| 上下関係 | じょうげかんけい | jōge kankei | hierarchical relationship | noun |
| 敬意 | けいい | keii | respect, deference | noun |
| 配慮 | はいりょ | hairyo | consideration, thoughtfulness | noun |
| 気配り | きくばり | kikubari | attentiveness to others | noun |
| 仲介 | ちゅうかい | chūkai | mediation, brokering | noun |
| 摩擦 | まさつ | masatsu | friction | noun |
| 対立 | たいりつ | tairitsu | confrontation, opposition | noun |
| 和解 | わかい | wakai | reconciliation, settlement | noun |
| 譲歩 | じょうほ | jōho | concession | noun |
| 妥協 | だきょう | dakyō | compromise | noun |
| 信頼関係 | しんらいかんけい | shinrai kankei | relationship of trust | noun |
| 誤解 | ごかい | gokai | misunderstanding | noun |
| 仲直り | なかなおり | nakanaori | making up, reconciliation | noun |
| 疎遠 | そえん | soen | estrangement, drifting apart | な-adjective |
| 親密 | しんみつ | shinmitsu | close, intimate | な-adjective |
| 対等 | たいとう | taitō | on equal terms | な-adjective |
Y20 Feelings — 感情② 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 感激 | かんげき | kangeki | deep emotion, being moved | noun |
| 感慨 | かんがい | kangai | deep feeling, strong impression | noun |
| 未練 | みれん | miren | lingering attachment, regret | noun |
| 後悔 | こうかい | kōkai | regret | noun |
| 落胆 | らくたん | rakutan | discouragement, disappointment | noun |
| 憂鬱 | ゆううつ | yūutsu | melancholy, depression | な-adjective |
| 焦燥 | しょうそう | shōsō | impatience, agitation | noun |
| 安堵 | あんど | ando | relief | noun |
| 高揚 | こうよう | kōyō | elation, uplift | noun |
| 動揺 | どうよう | dōyō | agitation, being shaken | noun |
| 憤り | いきどおり | ikidōri | indignation, resentment | noun |
| 嫉妬 | しっと | shitto | jealousy | noun |
| 羨望 | せんぼう | senbō | envy | noun |
| 同情 | どうじょう | dōjō | sympathy, compassion | noun |
| 愛情 | あいじょう | aijō | affection, love | noun |
| 憎悪 | ぞうお | zōo | hatred | noun |
| 恐怖心 | きょうふしん | kyōfushin | fear, dread | noun |
| 孤独 | こどく | kodoku | loneliness, solitude | な-adjective |
| 不安感 | ふあんかん | fuankan | a feeling of unease | noun |
| 充実感 | じゅうじつかん | jūjitsukan | a sense of fulfilment | noun |
Y21 Culture and tradition — 文化と伝統 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 郷土 | きょうど | kyōdo | one's home region | noun |
| 風土 | ふうど | fūdo | natural features, climate and culture | noun |
| 慣習 | かんしゅう | kanshū | custom, convention | noun |
| 民俗 | みんぞく | minzoku | folk customs | noun |
| 祭礼 | さいれい | sairei | religious festival | noun |
| 芸能 | げいのう | geinō | performing arts; entertainment | noun |
| 工芸 | こうげい | kōgei | craft, applied art | noun |
| 陶器 | とうき | tōki | pottery, ceramics | noun |
| 漆器 | しっき | shikki | lacquerware | noun |
| 織物 | おりもの | orimono | textiles, woven fabric | noun |
| 茶道 | さどう | sadō | the tea ceremony | noun |
| 華道 | かどう | kadō | flower arrangement | noun |
| 書道 | しょどう | shodō | calligraphy | noun |
| 武道 | ぶどう | budō | martial arts | noun |
| 相撲 | すもう | sumō | sumo | noun |
| 歌舞伎 | かぶき | kabuki | kabuki theatre | noun |
| 落語 | らくご | rakugo | rakugo, comic storytelling | noun |
| 俳句 | はいく | haiku | haiku | noun |
| 短歌 | たんか | tanka | tanka (31-syllable poem) | noun |
| 和歌 | わか | waka | classical Japanese poem | noun |
Y22 Religion and philosophy — 宗教と哲学 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 宗派 | しゅうは | shūha | sect, denomination | noun |
| 信者 | しんじゃ | shinja | believer, follower | noun |
| 経典 | きょうてん | kyōten | scripture, sutra | noun |
| 説法 | せっぽう | seppō | sermon, preaching | noun |
| 修行 | しゅぎょう | shugyō | ascetic practice, training | noun |
| 悟り | さとり | satori | enlightenment, realisation | noun |
| 戒律 | かいりつ | kairitsu | religious precepts | noun |
| 布教 | ふきょう | fukyō | missionary work | noun |
| 哲学 | てつがく | tetsugaku | philosophy | noun |
| 思想家 | しそうか | shisōka | thinker | noun |
| 倫理 | りんり | rinri | ethics | noun |
| 道徳 | どうとく | dōtoku | morals, morality | noun |
| 善悪 | ぜんあく | zen'aku | good and evil | noun |
| 真理 | しんり | shinri | truth | noun |
| 存在 | そんざい | sonzai | existence, being | noun |
| 観念 | かんねん | kannen | idea, notion; resignation | noun |
| 信仰心 | しんこうしん | shinkōshin | religious faith | noun |
| 霊 | れい | rei | spirit, soul | noun |
| 聖 | せい | sei | holy, sacred | noun |
| 祈願 | きがん | kigan | prayer, supplication | noun |
Y23 History and war — 歴史と戦争 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 年代 | ねんだい | nendai | era, period, date | noun |
| 世紀 | せいき | seiki | century | noun |
| 王朝 | おうちょう | ōchō | dynasty | noun |
| 幕府 | ばくふ | bakufu | shogunate | noun |
| 維新 | いしん | ishin | restoration (the Meiji Restoration) | noun |
| 革命 | かくめい | kakumei | revolution | noun |
| 戦乱 | せんらん | senran | war, upheaval | noun |
| 侵略 | しんりゃく | shinryaku | invasion, aggression | noun |
| 占領 | せんりょう | senryō | occupation (military) | noun |
| 敗戦 | はいせん | haisen | defeat in war | noun |
| 講和 | こうわ | kōwa | peace settlement | noun |
| 同盟 | どうめい | dōmei | alliance | noun |
| 中立 | ちゅうりつ | chūritsu | neutrality | noun |
| 遺跡 | いせき | iseki | ruins, archaeological site | noun |
| 史料 | しりょう | shiryō | historical source | noun |
| 年表 | ねんぴょう | nenpyō | chronological table | noun |
| 封建 | ほうけん | hōken | feudal | noun |
| 支配 | しはい | shihai | rule, domination | noun |
| 統治 | とうち | tōchi | governing, rule | noun |
| 滅びる | ほろびる | horobiru | to fall, to perish | verb |
Y24 International affairs — 国際関係 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 国連 | こくれん | kokuren | the United Nations | noun |
| 首脳 | しゅのう | shunō | head of state, leader | noun |
| 会談 | かいだん | kaidan | talks, a conference | noun |
| 交渉 | こうしょう | kōshō | negotiation | noun |
| 使節 | しせつ | shisetsu | envoy, delegation | noun |
| 領事 | りょうじ | ryōji | consul | noun |
| 国境 | こっきょう | kokkyō | national border | noun |
| 領土 | りょうど | ryōdo | territory | noun |
| 制裁 | せいさい | seisai | sanctions, punishment | noun |
| 紛争 | ふんそう | funsō | dispute, conflict | noun |
| 調停 | ちょうてい | chōtei | mediation, arbitration | noun |
| 合意 | ごうい | gōi | agreement, consensus | noun |
| 批准 | ひじゅん | hijun | ratification | noun |
| 加盟 | かめい | kamei | joining, membership | noun |
| 派遣 | はけん | haken | dispatch (of people) | noun |
| 在留 | ざいりゅう | zairyū | residing (in a foreign country) | noun |
| 亡命 | ぼうめい | bōmei | seeking asylum, exile | noun |
| 核 | かく | kaku | nuclear; core | noun |
| 軍備 | ぐんび | gunbi | armaments | noun |
| 平和維持 | へいわいじ | heiwa iji | peacekeeping | noun |
Y25 Transport and infrastructure — 交通と社会基盤 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 路線 | ろせん | rosen | route, line | noun |
| 鉄道 | てつどう | tetsudō | railway | noun |
| 車両 | しゃりょう | sharyō | vehicle, carriage | noun |
| 貨物 | かもつ | kamotsu | freight, cargo | noun |
| 積載 | せきさい | sekisai | loading, carrying capacity | noun |
| 通行止め | つうこうどめ | tsūkōdome | road closure | noun |
| 有料道路 | ゆうりょうどうろ | yūryō dōro | toll road | noun |
| 立体交差 | りったいこうさ | rittai kōsa | grade separation, flyover | noun |
| 遮断機 | しゃだんき | shadanki | crossing barrier | noun |
| 車線 | しゃせん | shasen | traffic lane | noun |
| 信号機 | しんごうき | shingōki | traffic light | noun |
| 標識 | ひょうしき | hyōshiki | sign, marker | noun |
| 料金所 | りょうきんじょ | ryōkinjo | toll gate | noun |
| 便数 | びんすう | binsū | number of services (flights, buses) | noun |
| 発着 | はっちゃく | hatchaku | departure and arrival | noun |
| 経由 | けいゆ | keiyu | via, by way of | noun |
| 開通 | かいつう | kaitsū | opening (of a road or line) | noun |
| 整備 | せいび | seibi | maintenance, upkeep | noun |
| 埠頭 | ふとう | futō | wharf, pier | noun |
| 滑走路 | かっそうろ | kassōro | runway | noun |
Y26 Architecture and construction — 建築と工事 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 建築 | けんちく | kenchiku | architecture, building | noun |
| 設計図 | せっけいず | sekkeizu | blueprint, plan | noun |
| 施工 | せこう | sekō | construction work, execution | noun |
| 現場 | げんば | genba | the site, the scene | noun |
| 基礎工事 | きそこうじ | kiso kōji | foundation work | noun |
| 柱 | はしら | hashira | pillar, column | noun |
| 梁 | はり | hari | beam | noun |
| 屋根裏 | やねうら | yaneura | attic, loft | noun |
| 動線 | どうせん | dōsen | the flow of movement (in a building) | noun |
| 改築 | かいちく | kaichiku | rebuilding, renovation | noun |
| 増築 | ぞうちく | zōchiku | extension (of a building) | noun |
| 解体 | かいたい | kaitai | demolition, dismantling | noun |
| 耐震 | たいしん | taishin | earthquake-resistant | noun |
| 鉄筋 | てっきん | tekkin | reinforcing steel, reinforced concrete | noun |
| 木造 | もくぞう | mokuzō | wooden (construction) | noun |
| 塗装 | とそう | tosō | painting, coating | noun |
| 配管 | はいかん | haikan | piping, plumbing | noun |
| 許可証 | きょかしょう | kyokashō | permit, licence | noun |
| 測量 | そくりょう | sokuryō | surveying | noun |
| 完工 | かんこう | kankō | completion of construction | noun |
Y27 Town and country — 都市と地方 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 都市 | とし | toshi | city | noun |
| 区域 | くいき | kuiki | zone, area | noun |
| 地区 | ちく | chiku | district, section | noun |
| 地域社会 | ちいきしゃかい | chiiki shakai | the local community | noun |
| 市街地 | しがいち | shigaichi | built-up urban area | noun |
| 用地 | ようち | yōchi | site, land for a purpose | noun |
| 敷地 | しきち | shikichi | site, premises | noun |
| 区画 | くかく | kukaku | plot, block, division | noun |
| 開発計画 | かいはつけいかく | kaihatsu keikaku | development plan | noun |
| 再開発 | さいかいはつ | saikaihatsu | redevelopment | noun |
| 空き家 | あきや | akiya | empty house | noun |
| 人口密度 | じんこうみつど | jinkō mitsudo | population density | noun |
| 移住 | いじゅう | ijū | migration, moving to live | noun |
| 定住 | ていじゅう | teijū | settling permanently | noun |
| 通勤圏 | つうきんけん | tsūkinken | commuting area | noun |
| 地価 | ちか | chika | land prices | noun |
| 公共施設 | こうきょうしせつ | kōkyō shisetsu | public facilities | noun |
| 下水道 | げすいどう | gesuidō | sewerage | noun |
| 街並み | まちなみ | machinami | the streetscape, rows of houses | noun |
| 景観 | けいかん | keikan | scenery, the look of a place | noun |
Y28 Disaster and emergency — 災害と非常時 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 震災 | しんさい | shinsai | earthquake disaster | noun |
| 余震 | よしん | yoshin | aftershock | noun |
| 津波警報 | つなみけいほう | tsunami keihō | tsunami warning | noun |
| 土砂 | どしゃ | dosha | earth and sand, debris | noun |
| 崩落 | ほうらく | hōraku | collapse, cave-in | noun |
| 倒壊 | とうかい | tōkai | collapse (of a building) | noun |
| 全壊 | ぜんかい | zenkai | total destruction | noun |
| 半壊 | はんかい | hankai | partial destruction | noun |
| 復旧 | ふっきゅう | fukkyū | restoration (of service) | noun |
| 復興 | ふっこう | fukkō | reconstruction, revival | noun |
| 仮設 | かせつ | kasetsu | temporary (structure) | noun |
| 備蓄 | びちく | bichiku | stockpile | noun |
| 消火 | しょうか | shōka | fire extinguishing | noun |
| 防災 | ぼうさい | bōsai | disaster prevention | noun |
| 危機管理 | ききかんり | kiki kanri | crisis management | noun |
| 安否 | あんぴ | anpi | safety, whether someone is safe | noun |
| 応急 | おうきゅう | ōkyū | emergency, first-aid (measures) | noun |
| 避難所 | ひなんじょ | hinanjo | evacuation shelter | noun |
| 支援物資 | しえんぶっし | shien busshi | relief supplies | noun |
| 被災地 | ひさいち | hisaichi | disaster-hit area | noun |
Y29 Crime and policing — 犯罪と取り締まり 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 犯行 | はんこう | hankō | the crime, the act | noun |
| 犯罪者 | はんざいしゃ | hanzaisha | criminal | noun |
| 容疑 | ようぎ | yōgi | suspicion (of a crime) | noun |
| 逮捕状 | たいほじょう | taihojō | arrest warrant | noun |
| 押収 | おうしゅう | ōshū | seizure (of evidence) | noun |
| 捜査 | そうさ | sōsa | investigation (criminal) | noun |
| 刑事 | けいじ | keiji | detective; criminal (case) | noun |
| 検挙 | けんきょ | kenkyo | arrest, rounding up | noun |
| 詐欺 | さぎ | sagi | fraud | noun |
| 窃盗 | せっとう | settō | theft | noun |
| 強盗 | ごうとう | gōtō | robbery, robber | noun |
| 暴力 | ぼうりょく | bōryoku | violence | noun |
| 脅迫 | きょうはく | kyōhaku | threat, intimidation | noun |
| 密輸 | みつゆ | mitsuyu | smuggling | noun |
| 麻薬 | まやく | mayaku | narcotics | noun |
| 賭博 | とばく | tobaku | gambling | noun |
| 取り締まり | とりしまり | torishimari | crackdown, control | noun |
| 監視 | かんし | kanshi | surveillance, watching | noun |
| 防犯 | ぼうはん | bōhan | crime prevention | noun |
| 通報 | つうほう | tsūhō | report (to the police) | noun |
Y30 Work and employment — 雇用と職場 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 雇用 | こよう | koyō | employment | noun |
| 求職 | きゅうしょく | kyūshoku | job hunting | noun |
| 就業 | しゅうぎょう | shūgyō | employment, starting work | noun |
| 失業率 | しつぎょうりつ | shitsugyōritsu | unemployment rate | noun |
| 離職 | りしょく | rishoku | leaving a job | noun |
| 昇給 | しょうきゅう | shōkyū | pay rise | noun |
| 残業代 | ざんぎょうだい | zangyōdai | overtime pay | noun |
| 勤務先 | きんむさき | kinmusaki | place of work | noun |
| 勤続 | きんぞく | kinzoku | continuous service | noun |
| 転勤 | てんきん | tenkin | job transfer (to another location) | noun |
| 出向 | しゅっこう | shukkō | secondment | noun |
| 職種 | しょくしゅ | shokushu | type of occupation | noun |
| 資格試験 | しかくしけん | shikaku shiken | qualifying examination | noun |
| 面接官 | めんせつかん | mensetsukan | interviewer | noun |
| 職務 | しょくむ | shokumu | duties, one's job | noun |
| 労働組合 | ろうどうくみあい | rōdō kumiai | trade union | noun |
| 待遇 | たいぐう | taigū | treatment, terms of employment | noun |
| 人事 | じんじ | jinji | personnel affairs | noun |
| 勤怠 | きんたい | kintai | attendance (at work) | noun |
| 手当額 | てあてがく | teategaku | the amount of an allowance | noun |
Y31 Money and payment — お金の手続き 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 送金 | そうきん | sōkin | remittance | noun |
| 引き落とし | ひきおとし | hikiotoshi | direct debit | noun |
| 振替 | ふりかえ | furikae | transfer (between accounts) | noun |
| 明細 | めいさい | meisai | itemised statement, details | noun |
| 通帳 | つうちょう | tsūchō | passbook | noun |
| 暗証番号 | あんしょうばんごう | anshō bangō | PIN | noun |
| 借入 | かりいれ | kariire | borrowing, a loan taken out | noun |
| 返済 | へんさい | hensai | repayment | noun |
| 利息 | りそく | risoku | interest (paid or received) | noun |
| 元金 | がんきん | gankin | principal (of a loan) | noun |
| 担保 | たんぽ | tanpo | collateral, security | noun |
| 保証人 | ほしょうにん | hoshōnin | guarantor | noun |
| 滞納 | たいのう | tainō | arrears, failure to pay | noun |
| 督促 | とくそく | tokusoku | demand for payment, reminder | noun |
| 分割払い | ぶんかつばらい | bunkatsu barai | payment by instalments | noun |
| 一括払い | いっかつばらい | ikkatsu barai | payment in full | noun |
| 口座振替 | こうざふりかえ | kōza furikae | account transfer (standing order) | noun |
| 支出額 | ししゅつがく | shishutsugaku | amount spent | noun |
| 節税 | せつぜい | setsuzei | tax saving | noun |
| 両替所 | りょうがえじょ | ryōgaejo | bureau de change | noun |
Y32 Trade and commerce — 商業と流通 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 商取引 | しょうとりひき | shō torihiki | commercial transaction | noun |
| 卸売 | おろしうり | oroshiuri | wholesale | noun |
| 小売 | こうり | kōri | retail | noun |
| 流通 | りゅうつう | ryūtsū | distribution, circulation | noun |
| 仕入れ | しいれ | shiire | purchasing, buying in stock | noun |
| 在庫管理 | ざいこかんり | zaiko kanri | stock control | noun |
| 販売店 | はんばいてん | hanbaiten | dealer, retail outlet | noun |
| 問屋 | とんや | ton'ya | wholesaler | noun |
| 通販 | つうはん | tsūhan | mail order, online shopping | noun |
| 消費者 | しょうひしゃ | shōhisha | consumer | noun |
| 苦情 | くじょう | kujō | complaint | noun |
| 返品 | へんぴん | henpin | returning goods | noun |
| 保証書 | ほしょうしょ | hoshōsho | warranty card | noun |
| 発注 | はっちゅう | hatchū | placing an order | noun |
| 売買 | ばいばい | baibai | buying and selling | noun |
| 販路 | はんろ | hanro | sales channel, market outlet | noun |
| 売れ行き | うれゆき | ureyuki | sales, how well something sells | noun |
| 品切れ | しなぎれ | shinagire | out of stock | noun |
| 陳列 | ちんれつ | chinretsu | display (of goods) | noun |
| 代金 | だいきん | daikin | the price, the payment | noun |
Y33 Contracts and documents — 契約と書類 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 契約更新 | けいやくこうしん | keiyaku kōshin | contract renewal | noun |
| 更新料 | こうしんりょう | kōshinryō | renewal fee | noun |
| 解約 | かいやく | kaiyaku | cancellation (of a contract) | noun |
| 違約金 | いやくきん | iyakukin | penalty for breach of contract | noun |
| 覚書 | おぼえがき | oboegaki | memorandum | noun |
| 念書 | ねんしょ | nensho | written pledge | noun |
| 署名 | しょめい | shomei | signature | noun |
| 捺印 | なついん | natsuin | affixing a seal | noun |
| 書式 | しょしき | shoshiki | format, form | noun |
| 記入欄 | きにゅうらん | kinyūran | entry field, blank to fill in | noun |
| 添付書類 | てんぷしょるい | tenpu shorui | attached documents | noun |
| 提出期限 | ていしゅつきげん | teishutsu kigen | submission deadline | noun |
| 有効期限 | ゆうこうきげん | yūkō kigen | expiry date | noun |
| 控え | ひかえ | hikae | a copy kept for oneself | noun |
| 原本 | げんぽん | genpon | the original (document) | noun |
| 写し | うつし | utsushi | a copy, a duplicate | noun |
| 証明書 | しょうめいしょ | shōmeisho | certificate | noun |
| 申請書 | しんせいしょ | shinseisho | application form | noun |
| 届出 | とどけで | todokede | notification, report (official) | noun |
| 規約 | きやく | kiyaku | rules, terms and conditions | noun |
Y34 Time and sequence — 時と順序 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 当初 | とうしょ | tōsho | at the outset, originally | noun |
| 初期 | しょき | shoki | the early period, initial | noun |
| 中期 | ちゅうき | chūki | the middle period | noun |
| 末期 | まっき | makki | the final period, terminal stage | noun |
| 従前 | じゅうぜん | jūzen | previously, as before | noun |
| 目下 | もっか | mokka | at present, currently | noun |
| 現時点 | げんじてん | genjiten | at this point in time | noun |
| 前半 | ぜんはん | zenhan | the first half | noun |
| 後半 | こうはん | kōhan | the second half | noun |
| 一時的 | いちじてき | ichijiteki | temporary | な-adjective |
| 恒久 | こうきゅう | kōkyū | permanent, perpetual | noun |
| 頻度 | ひんど | hindo | frequency | noun |
| 周期 | しゅうき | shūki | cycle, period | noun |
| 定期的 | ていきてき | teikiteki | regular, periodic | な-adjective |
| 随時 | ずいじ | zuiji | at any time, as needed | adverb |
| 即座 | そくざ | sokuza | immediate, on the spot | noun |
| 早急 | さっきゅう | sakkyū | urgent, as soon as possible | な-adjective |
| 猶予 | ゆうよ | yūyo | grace period, postponement | noun |
| 継続的 | けいぞくてき | keizokuteki | continuous, sustained | な-adjective |
| 一斉 | いっせい | issei | all at once, simultaneous | noun |
Y35 Quantity and change — 数量と増減 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 増加率 | ぞうかりつ | zōkaritsu | rate of increase | noun |
| 減少 | げんしょう | genshō | decrease | noun |
| 倍増 | ばいぞう | baizō | doubling | noun |
| 半減 | はんげん | hangen | halving | noun |
| 急増 | きゅうぞう | kyūzō | sharp increase | noun |
| 急減 | きゅうげん | kyūgen | sharp decrease | noun |
| 累計 | るいけい | ruikei | cumulative total | noun |
| 総額 | そうがく | sōgaku | total amount (of money) | noun |
| 平均値 | へいきんち | heikinchi | mean value | noun |
| 最大値 | さいだいち | saidaichi | maximum value | noun |
| 最小値 | さいしょうち | saishōchi | minimum value | noun |
| 過半数 | かはんすう | kahansū | a majority | noun |
| 大多数 | だいたすう | daitasū | the great majority | noun |
| 少数派 | しょうすうは | shōsūha | the minority | noun |
| 若干 | じゃっかん | jakkan | a few, somewhat | adverb |
| 皆無 | かいむ | kaimu | none at all | noun |
| 総数 | そうすう | sōsū | total number | noun |
| 比率 | ひりつ | hiritsu | ratio, proportion | noun |
| 上限 | じょうげん | jōgen | upper limit | noun |
| 下限 | かげん | kagen | lower limit | noun |
Y36 Degree and comparison — 程度と比較 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 極端 | きょくたん | kyokutan | extreme | な-adjective |
| 極めて | きわめて | kiwamete | extremely (formal) | adverb |
| 著しい | いちじるしい | ichijirushii | marked, striking | い-adjective |
| 顕著 | けんちょ | kencho | conspicuous, notable | な-adjective |
| 微量 | びりょう | biryō | a minute amount | noun |
| 大幅 | おおはば | ōhaba | substantial, by a wide margin | な-adjective |
| 小幅 | こはば | kohaba | slight, by a small margin | な-adjective |
| 相対的 | そうたいてき | sōtaiteki | relative | な-adjective |
| 絶対的 | ぜったいてき | zettaiteki | absolute | な-adjective |
| 圧倒的 | あっとうてき | attōteki | overwhelming | な-adjective |
| 比較的 | ひかくてき | hikakuteki | comparatively | adverb |
| 同等 | どうとう | dōtō | equivalent, on a par | な-adjective |
| 均等 | きんとう | kintō | equal, even | な-adjective |
| 不均衡 | ふきんこう | fukinkō | imbalance | な-adjective |
| 過剰 | かじょう | kajō | excess, surplus | な-adjective |
| 余剰 | よじょう | yojō | surplus | noun |
| 適量 | てきりょう | tekiryō | the right amount | noun |
| 程度差 | ていどさ | teidosa | difference of degree | noun |
| 優位 | ゆうい | yūi | superiority, the advantage | noun |
| 劣る | おとる | otoru | to be inferior to | verb |
Y37 Space and position — 空間と位置 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 上部 | じょうぶ | jōbu | the upper part | noun |
| 下部 | かぶ | kabu | the lower part | noun |
| 中央部 | ちゅうおうぶ | chūōbu | the central part | noun |
| 周辺部 | しゅうへんぶ | shūhenbu | the outskirts, periphery | noun |
| 内部 | ないぶ | naibu | the inside, internal | noun |
| 外部 | がいぶ | gaibu | the outside, external | noun |
| 表裏 | ひょうり | hyōri | front and back, two sides | noun |
| 前方 | ぜんぽう | zenpō | ahead, the front | noun |
| 後方 | こうほう | kōhō | behind, the rear | noun |
| 縦横 | たてよこ | tateyoko | length and breadth, vertical and horizontal | noun |
| 奥行き | おくゆき | okuyuki | depth (of a space) | noun |
| 幅広い | はばひろい | habahiroi | wide, broad (in range) | い-adjective |
| 一帯 | いったい | ittai | the whole area | noun |
| 至る所 | いたるところ | itaru tokoro | everywhere | noun |
| 各地 | かくち | kakuchi | each region, all over | noun |
| 全域 | ぜんいき | zen'iki | the whole area or region | noun |
| 隣接 | りんせつ | rinsetsu | adjoining, adjacent | noun |
| 沿線 | えんせん | ensen | along a railway line | noun |
| 沿岸 | えんがん | engan | coastal, along the shore | noun |
| 間隔 | かんかく | kankaku | interval, spacing | noun |
Y38 Cause and consequence — 原因と結果 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 因果 | いんが | inga | cause and effect | noun |
| 相関 | そうかん | sōkan | correlation | noun |
| 影響力 | えいきょうりょく | eikyōryoku | influence (power to affect) | noun |
| 波及 | はきゅう | hakyū | ripple effect, spreading | noun |
| 連鎖 | れんさ | rensa | chain, chain reaction | noun |
| 反動 | はんどう | handō | reaction, backlash, recoil | noun |
| 副次 | ふくじ | fukuji | secondary, side (effect) | noun |
| 前兆 | ぜんちょう | zenchō | omen, sign of what is coming | noun |
| 兆候 | ちょうこう | chōkō | sign, indication | noun |
| 契機 | けいき | keiki | opportunity, the thing that starts it | noun |
| 転機 | てんき | tenki | turning point | noun |
| 引き金 | ひきがね | hikigane | trigger | noun |
| 帰結 | きけつ | kiketsu | conclusion, consequence | noun |
| 結末 | けつまつ | ketsumatsu | the ending, outcome | noun |
| 副産物 | ふくさんぶつ | fukusanbutsu | by-product | noun |
| 必然 | ひつぜん | hitsuzen | inevitability, necessity | noun |
| 偶発 | ぐうはつ | gūhatsu | accidental, incidental | noun |
| 誘発 | ゆうはつ | yūhatsu | inducing, triggering | noun |
| 左右する | さゆうする | sayū suru | to control, to determine (an outcome) | verb |
| 起因する | きいんする | kiin suru | to originate in, to be caused by | verb |
Y39 Logic and argument — 論理と議論 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 論点 | ろんてん | ronten | the point at issue | noun |
| 論拠 | ろんきょ | ronkyo | grounds of an argument | noun |
| 結論 | けつろん | ketsuron | conclusion | noun |
| 反論 | はんろん | hanron | counter-argument, rebuttal | noun |
| 異議 | いぎ | igi | objection | noun |
| 矛盾 | むじゅん | mujun | contradiction | noun |
| 証明 | しょうめい | shōmei | proof, demonstration | noun |
| 立証 | りっしょう | risshō | establishing proof | noun |
| 推論 | すいろん | suiron | inference, reasoning | noun |
| 推測 | すいそく | suisoku | conjecture, guess | noun |
| 判定 | はんてい | hantei | judgement, decision (of a result) | noun |
| 妥当性 | だとうせい | datōsei | validity, appropriateness | noun |
| 客観性 | きゃっかんせい | kyakkansei | objectivity | noun |
| 前例 | ぜんれい | zenrei | precedent | noun |
| 事例 | じれい | jirei | case, instance | noun |
| 例外的 | れいがいてき | reigaiteki | exceptional | な-adjective |
| 検討課題 | けんとうかだい | kentō kadai | matter to be examined | noun |
| 論争 | ろんそう | ronsō | controversy, dispute | noun |
| 議論する | ぎろんする | giron suru | to argue, to discuss | verb |
| 指摘 | してき | shiteki | pointing out, an observation | noun |
Y40 Speech and expression — 発言と表現 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 発言 | はつげん | hatsugen | a remark, speaking up | noun |
| 陳述 | ちんじゅつ | chinjutsu | statement (formal) | noun |
| 弁明 | べんめい | benmei | explanation, defence of oneself | noun |
| 弁解 | べんかい | benkai | excuse, justification | noun |
| 提言 | ていげん | teigen | proposal, recommendation | noun |
| 忠告 | ちゅうこく | chūkoku | advice, warning | noun |
| 助言 | じょげん | jogen | advice, counsel | noun |
| 説得 | せっとく | settoku | persuasion | noun |
| 断言 | だんげん | dangen | assertion, declaring flatly | noun |
| 明言 | めいげん | meigen | stating clearly | noun |
| 暗示 | あんじ | anji | hint, suggestion | noun |
| 示唆 | しさ | shisa | suggestion, implication | noun |
| 誇張 | こちょう | kochō | exaggeration | noun |
| 婉曲 | えんきょく | enkyoku | roundabout, euphemistic | な-adjective |
| 皮肉 | ひにく | hiniku | irony, sarcasm | noun |
| 比喩 | ひゆ | hiyu | metaphor, simile | noun |
| 例示 | れいじ | reiji | giving an example | noun |
| 要約 | ようやく | yōyaku | summary | noun |
| 補足 | ほそく | hosoku | supplement, addition | noun |
| 訂正 | ていせい | teisei | correction | noun |
Y41 Verbs of thinking — 思考の動詞 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 心得る | こころえる | kokoroeru | to know, to be aware of (how to) | verb |
| 察する | さっする | sassuru | to guess, to sense (someone's feelings) | verb |
| 見なす | みなす | minasu | to regard as, to deem | verb |
| 見込む | みこむ | mikomu | to expect, to anticipate; to count on | verb |
| 思い込む | おもいこむ | omoikomu | to be convinced, to assume | verb |
| 思い当たる | おもいあたる | omoiataru | to occur to one, to strike one | verb |
| 把握する | はあくする | haaku suru | to grasp, to get a firm hold on | verb |
| 熟知 | じゅくち | jukuchi | thorough knowledge | noun |
| 精通 | せいつう | seitsū | being well versed in | noun |
| 錯誤 | さくご | sakugo | error, mistake (formal) | noun |
| 混同 | こんどう | kondō | confusing one thing with another | noun |
| 誤認 | ごにん | gonin | misidentification | noun |
| 見落とす | みおとす | miotosu | to overlook, to miss | verb |
| 見過ごす | みすごす | misugosu | to let pass, to overlook | verb |
| 心がける | こころがける | kokorogakeru | to keep in mind, to make a point of | verb |
| 顧みる | かえりみる | kaerimiru | to look back on; to take heed of | verb |
| 振り返る | ふりかえる | furikaeru | to look back, to turn round | verb |
| 打ち消す | うちけす | uchikesu | to deny, to negate | verb |
| 覆す | くつがえす | kutsugaesu | to overturn, to overrule | verb |
| 裏付ける | うらづける | urazukeru | to substantiate, to back up | verb |
Y42 Verbs of acting and effecting — 働きかけの動詞 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 施す | ほどこす | hodokosu | to give, to apply, to carry out | verb |
| 講じる | こうじる | kōjiru | to take (measures) | verb |
| 図る | はかる | hakaru | to aim at, to work towards | verb |
| 促す | うながす | unagasu | to urge, to prompt | verb |
| 導く | みちびく | michibiku | to guide, to lead | verb |
| 及ぼす | およぼす | oyobosu | to exert (an influence), to cause | verb |
| 果たす | はたす | hatasu | to fulfil, to carry out | verb |
| 担う | になう | ninau | to bear, to shoulder (a role) | verb |
| 賄う | まかなう | makanau | to cover (a cost), to provide for | verb |
| 費やす | ついやす | tsuiyasu | to spend, to expend | verb |
| 要する | ようする | yōsuru | to require, to take (time) | verb |
| 富む | とむ | tomu | to be rich in | verb |
| 欠く | かく | kaku | to lack | verb |
| 秘める | ひめる | himeru | to keep hidden, to hold within | verb |
| 帯びる | おびる | obiru | to take on (a quality), to carry | verb |
| 兼ねる | かねる | kaneru | to serve two purposes, to combine | verb |
| 添える | そえる | soeru | to add, to attach (to something) | verb |
| 課す | かす | kasu | to impose (a duty, a tax) | verb |
| 免れる | まぬがれる | manugareru | to escape, to avoid (a duty) | verb |
| 逃れる | のがれる | nogareru | to escape, to get away from | verb |
Y43 Verbs of relation and control — 関係と管理の動詞 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 阻む | はばむ | habamu | to obstruct, to block | verb |
| 妨げる | さまたげる | samatageru | to hinder, to disturb | verb |
| 遮る | さえぎる | saegiru | to interrupt, to cut off (light, view) | verb |
| 隔てる | へだてる | hedateru | to separate, to divide | verb |
| 保つ | たもつ | tamotsu | to keep, to maintain | verb |
| 定める | さだめる | sadameru | to lay down, to establish (a rule) | verb |
| 改定 | かいてい | kaitei | revision (of a rule, a price) | noun |
| 廃止 | はいし | haishi | abolition, discontinuation | noun |
| 撤回 | てっかい | tekkai | withdrawal (of a statement) | noun |
| 撤退 | てったい | tettai | withdrawal, pulling out | noun |
| 譲渡 | じょうと | jōto | transfer, assignment (of rights) | noun |
| 委ねる | ゆだねる | yudaneru | to entrust, to leave to | verb |
| 託す | たくす | takusu | to entrust, to leave in someone's hands | verb |
| 授与 | じゅよ | juyo | conferring, awarding | noun |
| 贈呈 | ぞうてい | zōtei | presentation (of a gift) | noun |
| 拝借 | はいしゃく | haishaku | borrowing (humble) | noun |
| 拝見 | はいけん | haiken | looking at (humble) | noun |
| 賛同 | さんどう | sandō | approval, agreeing with | noun |
| 是正 | ぜせい | zesei | correction, rectification | noun |
| 補正 | ほせい | hosei | amendment, adjustment | noun |
Y44 Verbs of looking and hearing — 見る・聞くの動詞 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 眺める | ながめる | nagameru | to gaze at, to look out over | verb |
| 覗く | のぞく | nozoku | to peep, to look into | verb |
| 見渡す | みわたす | miwatasu | to look out over, to survey | verb |
| 見抜く | みぬく | minuku | to see through, to spot | verb |
| 察知 | さっち | satchi | sensing, perceiving | noun |
| 感知 | かんち | kanchi | detection, sensing | noun |
| 嗅ぐ | かぐ | kagu | to smell, to sniff | verb |
| 聞き取る | ききとる | kikitoru | to catch (what is said), to make out | verb |
| 目撃 | もくげき | mokugeki | witnessing | noun |
| 傍聴 | ぼうちょう | bōchō | attending as an observer (a trial, a session) | noun |
| 傍観 | ぼうかん | bōkan | looking on, standing by | noun |
| 注視 | ちゅうし | chūshi | close observation | noun |
| 凝視 | ぎょうし | gyōshi | staring fixedly | noun |
| 見比べる | みくらべる | mikuraberu | to compare by looking | verb |
| 聞き分ける | ききわける | kikiwakeru | to distinguish by ear | verb |
| 視野 | しや | shiya | field of vision; outlook | noun |
| 気配 | けはい | kehai | sign, indication, presence | noun |
| 目印 | めじるし | mejirushi | landmark, mark to go by | noun |
| 音色 | ねいろ | neiro | tone, timbre | noun |
| 手触り | てざわり | tezawari | the feel, texture to the touch | noun |
Y45 Suru verbs I — する動詞① 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 実施 | じっし | jisshi | implementation, carrying out | noun |
| 施行 | しこう | shikō | enforcement (of a law), putting into effect | noun |
| 遂行 | すいこう | suikō | execution, carrying through | noun |
| 履行 | りこう | rikō | performance (of a duty), fulfilment | noun |
| 達成度 | たっせいど | tasseido | degree of achievement | noun |
| 遂げる | とげる | togeru | to accomplish, to achieve | verb |
| 取り組む | とりくむ | torikumu | to tackle, to grapple with | verb |
| 携わる | たずさわる | tazusawaru | to be engaged in (work) | verb |
| 従事 | じゅうじ | jūji | engaging in (an occupation) | noun |
| 専念 | せんねん | sennen | devoting oneself to | noun |
| 没頭 | ぼっとう | bottō | absorption, immersing oneself | noun |
| 集約 | しゅうやく | shūyaku | consolidation, bringing together | noun |
| 統合 | とうごう | tōgō | integration, merging | noun |
| 融合 | ゆうごう | yūgō | fusion, blending | noun |
| 分離 | ぶんり | bunri | separation | noun |
| 分割 | ぶんかつ | bunkatsu | division, splitting | noun |
| 区分 | くぶん | kubun | division, classification | noun |
| 選別 | せんべつ | senbetsu | sorting, screening | noun |
| 抽選 | ちゅうせん | chūsen | a draw, a lottery | noun |
| 該当 | がいとう | gaitō | corresponding to, applying to | noun |
Y46 Suru verbs II — する動詞② 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 適合 | てきごう | tekigō | conformity, fitting | noun |
| 適応 | てきおう | tekiō | adaptation | noun |
| 順応 | じゅんのう | junnō | acclimatising, adjusting | noun |
| 応対 | おうたい | ōtai | dealing with people, reception | noun |
| 応募 | おうぼ | ōbo | applying (for a job, a competition) | noun |
| 呼応 | こおう | koō | acting in concert; correspondence | noun |
| 相応 | そうおう | sōō | suitable, befitting | な-adjective |
| 匹敵 | ひってき | hitteki | being a match for, comparable | noun |
| 徹底 | てってい | tettei | thoroughness | noun |
| 貫く | つらぬく | tsuranuku | to carry through, to pierce | verb |
| 突破 | とっぱ | toppa | breakthrough, exceeding | noun |
| 進出 | しんしゅつ | shinshutsu | advancing into, entering (a market) | noun |
| 参入 | さんにゅう | sannyū | entry (into a market) | noun |
| 撤去 | てっきょ | tekkyo | removal, dismantling | noun |
| 排除 | はいじょ | haijo | exclusion, removal | noun |
| 除外 | じょがい | jogai | exception, leaving out | noun |
| 免除 | めんじょ | menjo | exemption | noun |
| 削減 | さくげん | sakugen | cutting, reduction | noun |
| 圧縮 | あっしゅく | asshuku | compression | noun |
| 短縮 | たんしゅく | tanshuku | shortening | noun |
Y47 Suru verbs III — する動詞③ 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 延長 | えんちょう | enchō | extension (of time or length) | noun |
| 拡張 | かくちょう | kakuchō | expansion, extension | noun |
| 転換 | てんかん | tenkan | conversion, switching | noun |
| 変換 | へんかん | henkan | conversion, transformation | noun |
| 置換 | ちかん | chikan | replacement, substitution | noun |
| 交替 | こうたい | kōtai | taking turns, changing shifts | noun |
| 並行 | へいこう | heikō | running in parallel | noun |
| 同行 | どうこう | dōkō | accompanying | noun |
| 追随 | ついずい | tsuizui | following (someone's lead) | noun |
| 転嫁 | てんか | tenka | shifting (blame, cost) onto another | noun |
| 依存 | いぞん | izon | dependence | noun |
| 自立 | じりつ | jiritsu | independence, standing on one's own | noun |
| 独自 | どくじ | dokuji | one's own, original, distinctive | な-adjective |
| 独創 | どくそう | dokusō | originality | noun |
| 模倣 | もほう | mohō | imitation | noun |
| 再現 | さいげん | saigen | reproduction, recreating | noun |
| 復元 | ふくげん | fukugen | restoration to the original state | noun |
| 修復 | しゅうふく | shūfuku | repair, restoration | noun |
| 点検 | てんけん | tenken | inspection, checking | noun |
| 整頓 | せいとん | seiton | putting in order, tidiness | noun |
Y48 Wear, damage and upkeep — 状態と手入れ 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 劣化 | れっか | rekka | deterioration | noun |
| 老朽 | ろうきゅう | rōkyū | ageing, becoming dilapidated | noun |
| 摩耗 | まもう | mamō | wear, abrasion | noun |
| 損傷 | そんしょう | sonshō | damage, injury | noun |
| 破損 | はそん | hason | breakage, damage | noun |
| 補修 | ほしゅう | hoshū | repair work, patching up | noun |
| 清掃 | せいそう | seisō | cleaning | noun |
| 洗浄 | せんじょう | senjō | washing, rinsing (technical) | noun |
| 消毒 | しょうどく | shōdoku | disinfection | noun |
| 殺菌 | さっきん | sakkin | sterilisation | noun |
| 保存状態 | ほぞんじょうたい | hozon jōtai | state of preservation | noun |
| 耐熱 | たいねつ | tainetsu | heat-resistant | noun |
| 防水 | ぼうすい | bōsui | waterproof | noun |
| 湿気 | しっけ | shikke | damp, humidity | noun |
| 錆 | さび | sabi | rust | noun |
| 汚れ具合 | よごれぐあい | yogore guai | how dirty something is | noun |
| 新品 | しんぴん | shinpin | a brand-new item | noun |
| 中古 | ちゅうこ | chūko | second-hand | noun |
| 使い捨て | つかいすて | tsukaisute | disposable | noun |
| 丈夫さ | じょうぶさ | jōbusa | sturdiness | noun |
Y49 Adjectives I (i) — 形容詞①(い形容詞) 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 望ましい | のぞましい | nozomashii | desirable | い-adjective |
| 好ましい | このましい | konomashii | preferable, agreeable | い-adjective |
| 相応しい | ふさわしい | fusawashii | suitable, befitting | い-adjective |
| 目覚ましい | めざましい | mezamashii | remarkable, striking | い-adjective |
| 華々しい | はなばなしい | hanabanashii | brilliant, spectacular | い-adjective |
| 甚だしい | はなはだしい | hanahadashii | extreme, excessive | い-adjective |
| 見苦しい | みぐるしい | migurushii | unsightly, unseemly | い-adjective |
| 空しい | むなしい | munashii | empty, futile | い-adjective |
| 心強い | こころづよい | kokorozuyoi | reassuring | い-adjective |
| 心細い | こころぼそい | kokorobosoi | forlorn, helpless | い-adjective |
| 頼もしい | たのもしい | tanomoshii | dependable, promising | い-adjective |
| 潔い | いさぎよい | isagiyoi | manly, graceful (in accepting) | い-adjective |
| 淡い | あわい | awai | pale, faint | い-adjective |
| 紛らわしい | まぎらわしい | magirawashii | confusing, easily mistaken | い-adjective |
| 好ましくない | このましくない | konomashikunai | undesirable | い-adjective |
| 幅広い意味 | はばひろいいみ | habahiroi imi | a broad sense (of a word) | noun |
| 用心深い | ようじんぶかい | yōjinbukai | cautious, wary | い-adjective |
| 欲深い | よくぶかい | yokubukai | greedy | い-adjective |
| 粘り強い | ねばりづよい | nebarizuyoi | tenacious, persistent | い-adjective |
| 根強い | ねづよい | nezuyoi | deep-rooted | い-adjective |
Y50 Adjectives II (na) — 形容詞②(な形容詞) 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 敏感 | びんかん | binkan | sensitive | な-adjective |
| 鈍感 | どんかん | donkan | insensitive, thick-skinned | な-adjective |
| 濃厚 | のうこう | nōkō | thick, rich, strong (of a flavour) | な-adjective |
| 希薄 | きはく | kihaku | thin, sparse, weak | な-adjective |
| 粗末 | そまつ | somatsu | shabby, crude; wasteful | な-adjective |
| 好調 | こうちょう | kōchō | going well, in good shape | な-adjective |
| 不調 | ふちょう | fuchō | out of sorts, not going well | な-adjective |
| 順調 | じゅんちょう | junchō | smooth, going as it should | な-adjective |
| 良好 | りょうこう | ryōkō | good, favourable | な-adjective |
| 劣悪 | れつあく | retsuaku | poor, inferior (conditions) | な-adjective |
| 悲惨 | ひさん | hisan | tragic, miserable | な-adjective |
| 深刻 | しんこく | shinkoku | serious, grave | な-adjective |
| 切実 | せつじつ | setsujitsu | pressing, acute, keenly felt | な-adjective |
| 有益 | ゆうえき | yūeki | beneficial, useful | な-adjective |
| 無益 | むえき | mueki | useless, futile | な-adjective |
| 有力 | ゆうりょく | yūryoku | influential, strong (candidate) | な-adjective |
| 有能 | ゆうのう | yūnō | capable, competent | な-adjective |
| 無能 | むのう | munō | incompetent | な-adjective |
| 巧み | たくみ | takumi | skilful, adroit | な-adjective |
| 稚拙 | ちせつ | chisetsu | clumsy, unskilful | な-adjective |
Y51 Adjectives III (na) — 形容詞③(な形容詞) 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 精密 | せいみつ | seimitsu | precise, minute | な-adjective |
| 綿密 | めんみつ | menmitsu | meticulous, close (examination) | な-adjective |
| 緻密 | ちみつ | chimitsu | fine, detailed, closely worked | な-adjective |
| 大まか | おおまか | ōmaka | rough, broad (outline) | な-adjective |
| 明白 | めいはく | meihaku | obvious, evident | な-adjective |
| 明瞭 | めいりょう | meiryō | clear, distinct | な-adjective |
| 露骨 | ろこつ | rokotsu | blunt, undisguised | な-adjective |
| 華やか | はなやか | hanayaka | gorgeous, brilliant | な-adjective |
| 鮮やか | あざやか | azayaka | vivid, brilliant; deft | な-adjective |
| 爽やか | さわやか | sawayaka | refreshing, fresh | な-adjective |
| 穏やか | おだやか | odayaka | calm, gentle | な-adjective |
| 和やか | なごやか | nagoyaka | harmonious, friendly (atmosphere) | な-adjective |
| 滑らか | なめらか | nameraka | smooth | な-adjective |
| 緩やか | ゆるやか | yuruyaka | gentle, gradual, loose | な-adjective |
| 速やか | すみやか | sumiyaka | prompt, speedy | な-adjective |
| 密か | ひそか | hisoka | secret, stealthy | な-adjective |
| 定か | さだか | sadaka | certain, definite | な-adjective |
| 微か | かすか | kasuka | faint, slight | な-adjective |
| 僅差 | きんさ | kinsa | a narrow margin | noun |
| 厳密 | げんみつ | genmitsu | strict, rigorous (definition) | な-adjective |
Y52 Adjectives IV (-teki) — 形容詞④(〜的) 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 体系的 | たいけいてき | taikeiteki | systematic | な-adjective |
| 実質的 | じっしつてき | jisshitsuteki | substantial, in substance | な-adjective |
| 形式的 | けいしきてき | keishikiteki | formal, in form only | な-adjective |
| 表面的 | ひょうめんてき | hyōmenteki | superficial | な-adjective |
| 根本的 | こんぽんてき | konponteki | fundamental | な-adjective |
| 本格的 | ほんかくてき | honkakuteki | full-scale, genuine | な-adjective |
| 全面的 | ぜんめんてき | zenmenteki | total, across the board | な-adjective |
| 部分的 | ぶぶんてき | bubunteki | partial | な-adjective |
| 一方的 | いっぽうてき | ippōteki | one-sided, unilateral | な-adjective |
| 画一的 | かくいつてき | kakuitsuteki | uniform, standardised | な-adjective |
| 意識的 | いしきてき | ishikiteki | conscious, deliberate | な-adjective |
| 自発的 | じはつてき | jihatsuteki | voluntary, spontaneous | な-adjective |
| 強制的 | きょうせいてき | kyōseiteki | compulsory, forced | な-adjective |
| 潜在的 | せんざいてき | senzaiteki | potential, latent | な-adjective |
| 任意 | にんい | nin'i | optional, at one's discretion | な-adjective |
| 必須 | ひっす | hissu | essential, required | な-adjective |
| 不可欠 | ふかけつ | fukaketsu | indispensable | な-adjective |
| 静的 | せいてき | seiteki | static | な-adjective |
| 動的 | どうてき | dōteki | dynamic | な-adjective |
| 明示 | めいじ | meiji | clear indication, stating explicitly | noun |
Y53 Adverbs I — 副詞① 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 予め | あらかじめ | arakajime | in advance, beforehand | adverb |
| 改めて | あらためて | aratamete | once again, anew; on another occasion | adverb |
| 敢えて | あえて | aete | daring to, deliberately | adverb |
| 強いて | しいて | shiite | forcibly; if pressed | adverb |
| 一概に | いちがいに | ichigai ni | unconditionally, sweepingly | adverb |
| 概して | がいして | gaishite | generally, on the whole | adverb |
| 総じて | そうじて | sōjite | in general, as a whole | adverb |
| 専ら | もっぱら | moppara | exclusively, chiefly | adverb |
| 単に | たんに | tan ni | merely, simply | adverb |
| 単なる | たんなる | tannaru | mere, nothing but | adverb |
| 一律に | いちりつに | ichiritsu ni | uniformly, across the board | adverb |
| 一挙に | いっきょに | ikkyo ni | at a stroke, all at once | adverb |
| 一気に | いっきに | ikki ni | in one go, at a breath | adverb |
| 着々と | ちゃくちゃくと | chakuchaku to | steadily, step by step | adverb |
| 続々と | ぞくぞくと | zokuzoku to | one after another, in succession | adverb |
| 次々と | つぎつぎと | tsugitsugi to | one after another | adverb |
| 相次いで | あいついで | aitsuide | in quick succession | adverb |
| 引き続き | ひきつづき | hikitsuzuki | continuously, subsequently | adverb |
| 度々 | たびたび | tabitabi | repeatedly, often | adverb |
| 時折 | ときおり | tokiori | occasionally | adverb |
Y54 Adverbs II — 副詞② 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| かつて | かつて | katsute | formerly, once | adverb |
| 未だ | いまだ | imada | still, as yet (with negative) | adverb |
| 依然 | いぜん | izen | still, as before | adverb |
| 元来 | がんらい | ganrai | originally, by nature | adverb |
| 本来 | ほんらい | honrai | originally, properly speaking | adverb |
| 案の定 | あんのじょう | an no jō | sure enough, as expected | adverb |
| 幸いにも | さいわいにも | saiwai ni mo | fortunately | adverb |
| 残念ながら | ざんねんながら | zannen nagara | regrettably | adverb |
| 生憎 | あいにく | ainiku | unfortunately, as luck would have it | adverb |
| 折角 | せっかく | sekkaku | taking the trouble to; with effort | adverb |
| かえって | かえって | kaette | on the contrary, rather | adverb |
| ひたすら | ひたすら | hitasura | single-mindedly, nothing but | adverb |
| 何しろ | なにしろ | nanishiro | after all, at any rate | adverb |
| どうにか | どうにか | dōnika | somehow, one way or another | adverb |
| 辛うじて | かろうじて | karōjite | barely, just about | adverb |
| 危うく | あやうく | ayauku | nearly, almost (something bad) | adverb |
| 仮に | かりに | kari ni | supposing, temporarily | adverb |
| 十中八九 | じゅっちゅうはっく | jutchū hakku | in all likelihood, nine times out of ten | adverb |
| 到底 | とうてい | tōtei | (not) possibly, by no means | adverb |
| 断じて | だんじて | danjite | absolutely, under no circumstances | adverb |
Y55 Adverbs III — 副詞③ 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| まさしく | まさしく | masashiku | exactly, without doubt | adverb |
| 正に | まさに | masani | precisely; just about to | adverb |
| 確実に | かくじつに | kakujitsu ni | certainly, reliably | adverb |
| 明確に | めいかくに | meikaku ni | clearly, definitely | adverb |
| 断固 | だんこ | danko | firmly, resolutely | adverb |
| 全く | まったく | mattaku | entirely; (with negative) not at all | adverb |
| 皆目 | かいもく | kaimoku | utterly (with negative) | adverb |
| 一切 | いっさい | issai | all; (with negative) not at all | adverb |
| 些か | いささか | isasaka | a little, somewhat | adverb |
| 大いに | おおいに | ōi ni | greatly, very much | adverb |
| 極度に | きょくどに | kyokudo ni | extremely, to an extreme degree | adverb |
| 至って | いたって | itatte | extremely, exceedingly | adverb |
| ごく | ごく | goku | very, extremely (ごく普通) | adverb |
| 如何にも | いかにも | ikanimo | indeed, truly, every inch | adverb |
| まるで | まるで | marude | as if; (with negative) completely not | adverb |
| あくまで | あくまで | akumade | to the end, persistently | adverb |
| 今更 | いまさら | imasara | now, at this late stage | adverb |
| 予てから | かねてから | kanete kara | for some time past | adverb |
| ひとまず | ひとまず | hitomazu | for the time being | adverb |
| 一層 | いっそう | issō | even more, all the more | adverb |
Y56 Formal connectors — 書き言葉の接続 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| ゆえに | ゆえに | yue ni | therefore, hence | conjunction |
| それゆえ | それゆえ | soreyue | for that reason | conjunction |
| というのは | というのは | to iu no wa | that is because | conjunction |
| とはいえ | とはいえ | to wa ie | that said, even so | conjunction |
| ものの | ものの | mono no | although, but | conjunction |
| にもかかわらず | にもかかわらず | ni mo kakawarazu | in spite of | conjunction |
| 一方では | いっぽうでは | ippō de wa | on the one hand | conjunction |
| 他方 | たほう | tahō | on the other hand | conjunction |
| さらには | さらには | sara ni wa | furthermore, and moreover | conjunction |
| 加えて | くわえて | kuwaete | in addition | conjunction |
| 併せて | あわせて | awasete | together with, at the same time | conjunction |
| あるいは | あるいは | aruiwa | or, alternatively | conjunction |
| いわば | いわば | iwaba | so to speak, as it were | conjunction |
| つまるところ | つまるところ | tsumaru tokoro | in the end, in short | conjunction |
| 言い換えれば | いいかえれば | iikaereba | in other words | conjunction |
| 換言 | かんげん | kangen | putting it another way | noun |
| おって | おって | otte | later, in due course (formal) | conjunction |
| 差し支え | さしつかえ | sashitsukae | hindrance, objection | noun |
| 従いまして | したがいまして | shitagaimashite | accordingly (business Japanese) | conjunction |
| なお書き | なおがき | naogaki | a supplementary note | noun |
Y57 Business courtesy — ビジネスの敬語表現 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 恐れ入ります | おそれいります | osoreirimasu | I am much obliged; excuse me | phrase |
| 申し上げる | もうしあげる | mōshiageru | to say (humble) | verb |
| 存じます | ぞんじます | zonjimasu | I think, I know (humble) | phrase |
| 承知いたしました | しょうちいたしました | shōchi itashimashita | understood, certainly | phrase |
| お手数 | おてすう | otesū | the trouble (I am putting you to) | noun |
| ご足労 | ごそくろう | gosokurō | the trouble of coming in person | noun |
| ご多忙 | ごたぼう | gotabō | your busy schedule | noun |
| ご査収 | ごさしゅう | gosashū | please check and accept (enclosed) | noun |
| ご了承 | ごりょうしょう | goryōshō | your understanding (of an inconvenience) | noun |
| ご容赦 | ごようしゃ | goyōsha | your forgiveness, your indulgence | noun |
| ご遠慮 | ごえんりょ | goenryo | refraining (please refrain) | noun |
| ご厚意 | ごこうい | gokōi | your kindness | noun |
| お心遣い | おこころづかい | okokorozukai | your consideration | noun |
| 恐縮 | きょうしゅく | kyōshuku | feeling obliged, being sorry to trouble | noun |
| 光栄 | こうえい | kōei | an honour | noun |
| 幸甚 | こうじん | kōjin | most grateful (very formal) | noun |
| 何卒 | なにとぞ | nanitozo | please, kindly (formal) | adverb |
| 謹んで | つつしんで | tsutsushinde | respectfully, humbly | adverb |
| 拝啓 | はいけい | haikei | Dear … (letter opening) | noun |
| 敬具 | けいぐ | keigu | Yours sincerely (letter closing) | noun |
Y58 Idioms with the body — 体を使った慣用句 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 顔が広い | かおがひろい | kao ga hiroi | to know a lot of people | phrase |
| 目が高い | めがたかい | me ga takai | to have a good eye | phrase |
| 耳が痛い | みみがいたい | mimi ga itai | to hit home (criticism) | phrase |
| 口が堅い | くちがかたい | kuchi ga katai | to be able to keep a secret | phrase |
| 腕が立つ | うでがたつ | ude ga tatsu | to be skilful | phrase |
| 足を運ぶ | あしをはこぶ | ashi o hakobu | to go somewhere in person | phrase |
| 頭が下がる | あたまがさがる | atama ga sagaru | to be filled with admiration | phrase |
| 鼻が高い | はながたかい | hana ga takai | to be proud | phrase |
| 気を配る | きをくばる | ki o kubaru | to pay attention to others' needs | phrase |
| 気が済む | きがすむ | ki ga sumu | to be satisfied, to feel settled | phrase |
| 気に障る | きにさわる | ki ni sawaru | to offend, to grate on one | phrase |
| 腹を割る | はらをわる | hara o waru | to speak frankly | phrase |
| 手に余る | てにあまる | te ni amaru | to be more than one can handle | phrase |
| 目を通す | めをとおす | me o tōsu | to look through, to skim | phrase |
| 肩を持つ | かたをもつ | kata o motsu | to take someone's side | phrase |
| 胸を張る | むねをはる | mune o haru | to be proud, to hold one's head high | phrase |
| 腰が低い | こしがひくい | koshi ga hikui | to be modest, unassuming | phrase |
| 骨が折れる | ほねがおれる | hone ga oreru | to be hard work | phrase |
| 首を突っ込む | くびをつっこむ | kubi o tsukkomu | to meddle, to get involved in | phrase |
| 水を差す | みずをさす | mizu o sasu | to spoil the mood, to throw cold water on | phrase |
Y59 Katakana words I — business — カタカナ語①(ビジネス) 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| インフラ | いんふら | infura | infrastructure | noun |
| シェア | しぇあ | shea | market share; sharing | noun |
| ノウハウ | のうはう | nōhau | know-how | noun |
| リスク | りすく | risuku | risk | noun |
| マネジメント | まねじめんと | manejimento | management | noun |
| マーケット | まーけっと | māketto | market | noun |
| ブランド | ぶらんど | burando | brand | noun |
| ターゲット | たーげっと | tāgetto | target | noun |
| クライアント | くらいあんと | kuraianto | client | noun |
| プレゼン | ぷれぜん | purezen | presentation | noun |
| ミーティング | みーてぃんぐ | mītingu | meeting | noun |
| アポイント | あぽいんと | apointo | appointment | noun |
| コンプライアンス | こんぷらいあんす | konpuraiansu | compliance | noun |
| ノルマ | のるま | noruma | quota, assigned target | noun |
| プロジェクト | ぷろじぇくと | purojekuto | project | noun |
| チームワーク | ちーむわーく | chīmuwāku | teamwork | noun |
| パートナー | ぱーとなー | pātonā | partner | noun |
| メリット | めりっと | meritto | advantage, merit | noun |
| デメリット | でめりっと | demeritto | disadvantage | noun |
| ニーズ | にーず | nīzu | needs, demand | noun |
Y60 Katakana words II — technology — カタカナ語②(技術) 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| セキュリティ | せきゅりてぃ | sekyuriti | security | noun |
| アップデート | あっぷでーと | appudēto | update | noun |
| ダウンロード | だうんろーど | daunrōdo | download | noun |
| インストール | いんすとーる | insutōru | installation | noun |
| ネットワーク | ねっとわーく | nettowāku | network | noun |
| データベース | でーたべーす | dētabēsu | database | noun |
| プログラム | ぷろぐらむ | puroguramu | program, programme | noun |
| アカウント | あかうんと | akaunto | account | noun |
| パスワード | ぱすわーど | pasuwādo | password | noun |
| ログイン | ろぐいん | roguin | login | noun |
| ユーザー | ゆーざー | yūzā | user | noun |
| アプリ | あぷり | apuri | app | noun |
| ソフト | そふと | sofuto | software | noun |
| クラウド | くらうど | kuraudo | cloud (computing) | noun |
| サーバー | さーばー | sābā | server | noun |
| ウイルス | ういるす | uirusu | virus | noun |
| バックアップ | ばっくあっぷ | bakkuappu | backup | noun |
| キーワード | きーわーど | kīwādo | keyword | noun |
| レイアウト | れいあうと | reiauto | layout | noun |
| カテゴリー | かてごりー | kategorī | category | noun |
Y61 Katakana words III — media and life — カタカナ語③(メディアと生活) 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| トレンド | とれんど | torendo | trend | noun |
| ランキング | らんきんぐ | rankingu | ranking | noun |
| コンセプト | こんせぷと | konseputo | concept | noun |
| スタッフ | すたっふ | sutaffu | staff | noun |
| シフト | しふと | shifuto | shift (work); shifting | noun |
| マニュアル | まにゅある | manyuaru | manual | noun |
| ルート | るーと | rūto | route | noun |
| エリア | えりあ | eria | area | noun |
| スペース | すぺーす | supēsu | space | noun |
| ポジション | ぽじしょん | pojishon | position | noun |
| モチベーション | もちべーしょん | mochibēshon | motivation | noun |
| スキル | すきる | sukiru | skill | noun |
| プロセス | ぷろせす | purosesu | process | noun |
| ケース | けーす | kēsu | case, instance; a case (container) | noun |
| タイミング | たいみんぐ | taimingu | timing | noun |
| メディア | めでぃあ | media | the media | noun |
| コメント | こめんと | komento | comment | noun |
| シナリオ | しなりお | shinario | scenario, screenplay | noun |
| エピソード | えぴそーど | episōdo | episode, anecdote | noun |
| ファン | ふぁん | fan | fan, supporter | noun |
Y62 Weather and climate — 気象 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 気象 | きしょう | kishō | weather, meteorological conditions | noun |
| 前線 | ぜんせん | zensen | weather front; the front line | noun |
| 低気圧 | ていきあつ | teikiatsu | low pressure system | noun |
| 高気圧 | こうきあつ | kōkiatsu | high pressure system | noun |
| 気温差 | きおんさ | kionsa | difference in temperature | noun |
| 猛暑 | もうしょ | mōsho | extreme heat | noun |
| 厳寒 | げんかん | genkan | severe cold | noun |
| 冷夏 | れいか | reika | a cool summer | noun |
| 暖冬 | だんとう | dantō | a mild winter | noun |
| 降水量 | こうすいりょう | kōsuiryō | rainfall, precipitation | noun |
| 積雪 | せきせつ | sekisetsu | accumulated snow | noun |
| 吹雪 | ふぶき | fubuki | snowstorm, blizzard | noun |
| みぞれ | みぞれ | mizore | sleet | noun |
| 突風 | とっぷう | toppū | a gust of wind | noun |
| 暴風 | ぼうふう | bōfū | storm wind, gale | noun |
| 雷雨 | らいう | raiu | thunderstorm | noun |
| 日照 | にっしょう | nisshō | sunshine, hours of sun | noun |
| 気流 | きりゅう | kiryū | air current | noun |
| 観測所 | かんそくじょ | kansokujo | observation station | noun |
| 平年並み | へいねんなみ | heinen nami | about average for the year | noun |
Y63 Animals and plants — 動物と植物 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 哺乳類 | ほにゅうるい | honyūrui | mammals | noun |
| 爬虫類 | はちゅうるい | hachūrui | reptiles | noun |
| 群れ | むれ | mure | herd, flock, crowd | noun |
| 繁殖 | はんしょく | hanshoku | breeding, propagation | noun |
| 産卵 | さんらん | sanran | egg-laying, spawning | noun |
| 孵化 | ふか | fuka | hatching | noun |
| 幼虫 | ようちゅう | yōchū | larva | noun |
| 樹木 | じゅもく | jumoku | trees | noun |
| 幹 | みき | miki | trunk (of a tree) | noun |
| 枝葉 | えだは | edaha | branches and leaves; the non-essentials | noun |
| 根元 | ねもと | nemoto | the root, the base | noun |
| 芽生え | めばえ | mebae | sprouting, the beginnings | noun |
| 開花 | かいか | kaika | blossoming, coming into flower | noun |
| 落葉 | らくよう | rakuyō | falling leaves, defoliation | noun |
| 針葉樹 | しんようじゅ | shin'yōju | conifer | noun |
| 広葉樹 | こうようじゅ | kōyōju | broadleaf tree | noun |
| 雑草 | ざっそう | zassō | weeds | noun |
| 生息 | せいそく | seisoku | inhabiting, living (of animals) | noun |
| 野生 | やせい | yasei | wild (living in nature) | noun |
| 飼育 | しいく | shiiku | breeding, keeping (animals) | noun |
Y64 Food and cooking — 食と調理 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 栄養価 | えいようか | eiyōka | nutritional value | noun |
| 献立 | こんだて | kondate | menu, meal plan | noun |
| 旬 | しゅん | shun | the season (for a food) | noun |
| 賞味期限 | しょうみきげん | shōmi kigen | best-before date | noun |
| 消費期限 | しょうひきげん | shōhi kigen | use-by date | noun |
| 保存料 | ほぞんりょう | hozonryō | preservative | noun |
| 添加物 | てんかぶつ | tenkabutsu | additive | noun |
| 加熱 | かねつ | kanetsu | heating | noun |
| 冷凍 | れいとう | reitō | freezing | noun |
| 解凍 | かいとう | kaitō | defrosting | noun |
| 発酵 | はっこう | hakkō | fermentation | noun |
| 熟成 | じゅくせい | jukusei | maturing, ageing (food) | noun |
| 風味 | ふうみ | fūmi | flavour, taste | noun |
| 香辛料 | こうしんりょう | kōshinryō | spices | noun |
| 甘味 | あまみ | amami | sweetness | noun |
| 酸味 | さんみ | sanmi | sourness, acidity | noun |
| 苦味 | にがみ | nigami | bitterness | noun |
| 塩加減 | しおかげん | shio kagen | the amount of salt, seasoning | noun |
| 食感 | しょっかん | shokkan | texture (of food) | noun |
| 下ごしらえ | したごしらえ | shitagoshirae | preparation (of ingredients) | noun |
Y65 Clothing and materials — 衣服と素材 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 繊維 | せんい | sen'i | fibre | noun |
| 生地 | きじ | kiji | cloth, fabric; dough | noun |
| 縫製 | ほうせい | hōsei | sewing, garment making | noun |
| 裁縫 | さいほう | saihō | sewing, needlework | noun |
| 仕立て | したて | shitate | tailoring, making up (a garment) | noun |
| 着心地 | きごこち | kigokochi | how it feels to wear | noun |
| 防寒 | ぼうかん | bōkan | protection against the cold | noun |
| 通気性 | つうきせい | tsūkisei | breathability | noun |
| 伸縮 | しんしゅく | shinshuku | stretching, elasticity | noun |
| 型崩れ | かたくずれ | katakuzure | losing its shape | noun |
| 洗濯表示 | せんたくひょうじ | sentaku hyōji | care label | noun |
| 染色 | せんしょく | senshoku | dyeing | noun |
| 色落ち | いろおち | iroochi | colour running, fading | noun |
| 毛皮 | けがわ | kegawa | fur | noun |
| 合成繊維 | ごうせいせんい | gōsei sen'i | synthetic fibre | noun |
| 裏地 | うらじ | uraji | lining | noun |
| 袖口 | そでぐち | sodeguchi | cuff | noun |
| 襟元 | えりもと | erimoto | the neckline, around the collar | noun |
| 飾り | かざり | kazari | ornament, decoration | noun |
| 身なり | みなり | minari | appearance, dress | noun |
Y66 Sport and performance — 競技と稽古 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 観衆 | かんしゅう | kanshū | crowd, spectators | noun |
| 声援 | せいえん | seien | cheering, shouts of support | noun |
| 主将 | しゅしょう | shushō | team captain | noun |
| 戦術 | せんじゅつ | senjutsu | tactics | noun |
| 守備 | しゅび | shubi | defence | noun |
| 得点王 | とくてんおう | tokuten'ō | top scorer | noun |
| 稽古 | けいこ | keiko | practice, training (traditional arts) | noun |
| 鍛錬 | たんれん | tanren | training, discipline | noun |
| 準備運動 | じゅんびうんどう | junbi undō | warm-up exercises | noun |
| 柔軟 | じゅうなん | jūnan | flexible, supple | な-adjective |
| 持久力 | じきゅうりょく | jikyūryoku | stamina, endurance | noun |
| 瞬発力 | しゅんぱつりょく | shunpatsuryoku | explosive power | noun |
| 反射神経 | はんしゃしんけい | hansha shinkei | reflexes | noun |
| 対戦相手 | たいせんあいて | taisen aite | the opponent | noun |
| 表彰台 | ひょうしょうだい | hyōshōdai | the podium | noun |
| 予選 | よせん | yosen | qualifying round | noun |
| 本番 | ほんばん | honban | the real thing, the performance itself | noun |
| 出場 | しゅつじょう | shutsujō | taking part, appearing | noun |
| 棄権 | きけん | kiken | withdrawal, abstention | noun |
| 公式戦 | こうしきせん | kōshikisen | official match | noun |
Y67 Compound verbs I — 〜出す, 〜込む — 複合動詞① 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 言い出す | いいだす | iidasu | to bring up, to start saying | verb |
| 走り出す | はしりだす | hashiridasu | to start running | verb |
| 降り出す | ふりだす | furidasu | to start to rain or snow | verb |
| 飛び込む | とびこむ | tobikomu | to jump into, to dive in | verb |
| 話し込む | はなしこむ | hanashikomu | to talk at length | verb |
| 落ち込む | おちこむ | ochikomu | to feel down; to fall into | verb |
| 割り込む | わりこむ | warikomu | to cut in, to interrupt | verb |
| 打ち込む | うちこむ | uchikomu | to devote oneself to; to drive in | verb |
| 組み込む | くみこむ | kumikomu | to build into, to incorporate | verb |
| 盛り込む | もりこむ | morikomu | to include, to work into (a plan) | verb |
| 巻き込む | まきこむ | makikomu | to involve, to drag into | verb |
| 追い込む | おいこむ | oikomu | to corner, to drive into | verb |
| 差し出す | さしだす | sashidasu | to hold out, to submit | verb |
| 追い出す | おいだす | oidasu | to drive out, to expel | verb |
| 取り出す | とりだす | toridasu | to take out, to produce | verb |
| 思い出せる | おもいだせる | omoidaseru | to be able to recall | verb |
| 売り出す | うりだす | uridasu | to put on sale, to launch | verb |
| 飛び出す事 | とびだすこと | tobidasu koto | rushing out (as a noun) | noun |
| 作り出す | つくりだす | tsukuridasu | to create, to bring into being | verb |
| 生み出す | うみだす | umidasu | to give rise to, to produce | verb |
Y68 Compound verbs II — 〜切る, 〜抜く, 〜合う — 複合動詞② 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 使い切る | つかいきる | tsukaikiru | to use up completely | verb |
| 出し切る | だしきる | dashikiru | to give everything one has | verb |
| 読み切る | よみきる | yomikiru | to read through to the end | verb |
| やり切る | やりきる | yarikiru | to see through to the end | verb |
| 打ち切る | うちきる | uchikiru | to break off, to discontinue | verb |
| やり抜く | やりぬく | yarinuku | to carry through | verb |
| 生き抜く | いきぬく | ikinuku | to survive, to live through | verb |
| 勝ち抜く | かちぬく | kachinuku | to win through (a tournament) | verb |
| 出会う | であう | deau | to meet, to come across | verb |
| 触れ合う | ふれあう | fureau | to come into contact, to interact | verb |
| 話し合い | はなしあい | hanashiai | discussion, talks | noun |
| 分かち合う | わかちあう | wakachiau | to share (with each other) | verb |
| 語り合う | かたりあう | katariau | to talk together, to converse | verb |
| 歩み寄る | あゆみよる | ayumiyoru | to meet halfway, to compromise | verb |
| 立ち寄る | たちよる | tachiyoru | to drop in, to stop by | verb |
| 近寄る | ちかよる | chikayoru | to approach, to go near | verb |
| 見合わせる | みあわせる | miawaseru | to suspend, to put off; to look at each other | verb |
| 言い張る | いいはる | iiharu | to insist, to maintain | verb |
| 言い換える | いいかえる | iikaeru | to put another way | verb |
| 呼びかける | よびかける | yobikakeru | to call out to, to appeal to | verb |
Y69 Compound verbs III — 取り〜, 引き〜, 押し〜 — 複合動詞③ 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 取り戻す | とりもどす | torimodosu | to get back, to recover | verb |
| 取り入れる | とりいれる | toriireru | to adopt, to take in | verb |
| 取り除く | とりのぞく | torinozoku | to remove, to get rid of | verb |
| 取り扱う | とりあつかう | toriatsukau | to handle, to deal with | verb |
| 取り締まる | とりしまる | torishimaru | to crack down on, to supervise | verb |
| 取り組み | とりくみ | torikumi | an effort, an initiative | noun |
| 引き受ける | ひきうける | hikiukeru | to take on, to undertake | verb |
| 引き止める | ひきとめる | hikitomeru | to hold back, to detain | verb |
| 引き下げる | ひきさげる | hikisageru | to lower, to reduce | verb |
| 引き上げる | ひきあげる | hikiageru | to raise; to withdraw | verb |
| 受け入れる | うけいれる | ukeireru | to accept, to take in | verb |
| 受け止める | うけとめる | uketomeru | to catch; to take (news) in | verb |
| 押し付ける | おしつける | oshitsukeru | to force on someone, to press against | verb |
| 押し寄せる | おしよせる | oshiyoseru | to surge, to throng in | verb |
| 積み重ねる | つみかさねる | tsumikasaneru | to pile up, to accumulate | verb |
| 差し引く | さしひく | sashihiku | to deduct, to subtract | verb |
| 立ち上げる | たちあげる | tachiageru | to start up, to launch | verb |
| 立ち直る | たちなおる | tachinaoru | to recover, to get back on one's feet | verb |
| 働きかける | はたらきかける | hatarakikakeru | to approach, to lobby | verb |
| 割り当てる | わりあてる | wariateru | to allocate, to assign | verb |
Y70 Four-character idioms — 四字熟語 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 試行錯誤 | しこうさくご | shikō sakugo | trial and error | noun |
| 臨機応変 | りんきおうへん | rinki ōhen | adapting to circumstances | noun |
| 一石二鳥 | いっせきにちょう | isseki nichō | two birds with one stone | noun |
| 以心伝心 | いしんでんしん | ishin denshin | tacit understanding | noun |
| 自業自得 | じごうじとく | jigō jitoku | you reap what you sow | noun |
| 半信半疑 | はんしんはんぎ | hanshin hangi | half in doubt | noun |
| 無我夢中 | むがむちゅう | muga muchū | utterly absorbed, in a trance | noun |
| 四苦八苦 | しくはっく | shiku hakku | struggling desperately | noun |
| 意気投合 | いきとうごう | iki tōgō | hitting it off | noun |
| 一長一短 | いっちょういったん | itchō ittan | merits and demerits | noun |
| 心機一転 | しんきいってん | shinki itten | a fresh start, turning over a new leaf | noun |
| 十人十色 | じゅうにんといろ | jūnin toiro | to each their own | noun |
| 千差万別 | せんさばんべつ | sensa banbetsu | all different, infinite variety | noun |
| 多種多様 | たしゅたよう | tashu tayō | of many kinds | な-adjective |
| 一部始終 | いちぶしじゅう | ichibu shijū | the whole story, from beginning to end | noun |
| 大同小異 | だいどうしょうい | daidō shōi | much the same, differing only in detail | noun |
| 不可抗力 | ふかこうりょく | fuka kōryoku | force majeure, beyond one's control | noun |
| 前代未聞 | ぜんだいみもん | zendai mimon | unheard of | noun |
| 言語道断 | ごんごどうだん | gongo dōdan | outrageous, beyond words | noun |
| 優柔不断 | ゆうじゅうふだん | yūjū fudan | indecisive | noun |
Y71 Nuance and hedging — ぼかしとニュアンス 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| てっきり | てっきり | tekkiri | I was sure that (but wrongly) | adverb |
| どうやら | どうやら | dōyara | apparently, it seems | adverb |
| ひょっとすると | ひょっとすると | hyotto suru to | possibly, by any chance | adverb |
| もしかすると | もしかすると | moshika suru to | perhaps, it may be that | adverb |
| なんとなく | なんとなく | nantonaku | somehow, without knowing why | adverb |
| 言うまでもなく | いうまでもなく | iu made mo naku | needless to say | adverb |
| 無論 | むろん | muron | of course, naturally | adverb |
| 少なからず | すくなからず | sukunakarazu | not a little, considerably | adverb |
| 決まって | きまって | kimatte | invariably, without fail | adverb |
| いずれにせよ | いずれにせよ | izure ni seyo | in any case | adverb |
| とりあえず | とりあえず | toriaezu | for now, first of all | adverb |
| ともかく | ともかく | tomokaku | anyway, in any case | adverb |
| なるべく | なるべく | narubeku | as much as possible | adverb |
| 極力 | きょくりょく | kyokuryoku | to the utmost, as far as possible | adverb |
| たかだか | たかだか | takadaka | at most, merely | adverb |
| おおよそ | おおよそ | ōyoso | approximately, roughly | adverb |
| ほぼ | ほぼ | hobo | almost, nearly | adverb |
| わりと | わりと | warito | relatively, fairly | adverb |
| そこそこ | そこそこ | sokosoko | reasonably, more or less | adverb |
| いまいち | いまいち | imaichi | not quite, a bit lacking | adverb |
Y72 Worth, trouble and balance — 手間と甲斐 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 手間 | てま | tema | time and effort, trouble | noun |
| 手間暇 | てまひま | temahima | time and trouble | noun |
| 労力 | ろうりょく | rōryoku | labour, effort | noun |
| 苦心 | くしん | kushin | painstaking effort | noun |
| やりがい | やりがい | yarigai | a sense that it is worth doing | noun |
| 生きがい | いきがい | ikigai | what makes life worth living | noun |
| 張り合い | はりあい | hariai | something to work for, motivation | noun |
| 甲斐 | かい | kai | worth, effect (of an effort) | noun |
| 見返り | みかえり | mikaeri | something in return, a reward | noun |
| 報い | むくい | mukui | reward; retribution | noun |
| 恩恵 | おんけい | onkei | benefit, blessing | noun |
| 損得 | そんとく | sontoku | profit and loss, the pros and cons | noun |
| 得策 | とくさく | tokusaku | the wise course, a good plan | noun |
| 好都合 | こうつごう | kōtsugō | convenient, favourable | な-adjective |
| 不都合 | ふつごう | futsugō | inconvenient; improper | な-adjective |
| 加減 | かげん | kagen | degree, adjustment; condition | noun |
| 兼ね合い | かねあい | kaneai | balance between two things | noun |
| 折り合い | おりあい | oriai | compromise, getting along | noun |
| 手頃 | てごろ | tegoro | reasonable, just right (in size or price) | な-adjective |
| 手軽 | てがる | tegaru | easy, simple, casual | な-adjective |
Y73 Prefixes and suffixes — 接頭語・接尾語② 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 総 | そう | sō | total, overall (総額, 総数) | noun |
| 準 | じゅん | jun | semi-, associate (準決勝, 準社員) | noun |
| ~層 | そう | sō | stratum, band (若年層, 読者層) | noun |
| 過 | か | ka | over-, excess (過労, 過信) | noun |
| 被 | ひ | hi | the one acted upon (被害者, 被験者) | noun |
| 対 | たい | tai | versus, towards (対日, 対策) | noun |
| 反 | はん | han | anti- (反対派, 反戦) | noun |
| ~派 | は | ha | faction, school (反対派, 保守派) | noun |
| 新 | しん | shin | new (新制度, 新体制) | noun |
| 旧 | きゅう | kyū | former, old (旧制度) | noun |
| ~上 | じょう | jō | from the standpoint of (法律上, 事実上) | noun |
| ~下 | か | ka | under (管理下, 影響下) | noun |
| ~別 | べつ | betsu | by, per (国別, 年齢別) | noun |
| ~毎 | ごと | goto | every, each (一年毎) | noun |
| ~次第 | しだい | shidai | depending on (天気次第) | noun |
| ~向き | むき | muki | suited to, facing (南向き, 初心者向き) | noun |
| ~沿い | ぞい | zoi | along (川沿い, 線路沿い) | noun |
| ~込み | こみ | komi | including (税込み, 送料込み) | noun |
| ~離れ | ばなれ | banare | moving away from (若者の車離れ) | noun |
| ~ぶり | ぶり | buri | after an interval; the way of doing (三年ぶり) | noun |
Y74 Numbers and measurement — 数と計測 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| 桁 | けた | keta | digit, order of magnitude | noun |
| 小数 | しょうすう | shōsū | decimal | noun |
| 分数 | ぶんすう | bunsū | fraction | noun |
| 四捨五入 | ししゃごにゅう | shisha gonyū | rounding off | noun |
| 概算 | がいさん | gaisan | rough estimate | noun |
| 換算 | かんさん | kansan | conversion (of units) | noun |
| 面積 | めんせき | menseki | area | noun |
| 体積 | たいせき | taiseki | volume | noun |
| 容積 | ようせき | yōseki | capacity, volume | noun |
| 密度 | みつど | mitsudo | density | noun |
| 重量 | じゅうりょう | jūryō | weight | noun |
| 数値 | すうち | sūchi | numerical value, figure | noun |
| 単価 | たんか | tanka | unit price | noun |
| 総計 | そうけい | sōkei | grand total | noun |
| 差額 | さがく | sagaku | the difference (in amount) | noun |
| 誤差 | ごさ | gosa | margin of error | noun |
| 目盛り | めもり | memori | scale marking, graduation | noun |
| 基準値 | きじゅんち | kijunchi | reference value, standard figure | noun |
| 試算 | しさん | shisan | trial calculation | noun |
| 推計 | すいけい | suikei | estimate (statistical) | noun |
Y75 Sound and manner words — 擬音語・擬態語② 🖨 sheet →
| Word | Reading | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
| しぶしぶ | しぶしぶ | shibushibu | reluctantly | adverb |
| こつこつ | こつこつ | kotsukotsu | steadily, doggedly | adverb |
| ぼうっと | ぼうっと | bōtto | absent-mindedly, in a daze | adverb |
| うんざり | うんざり | unzari | fed up, sick of | adverb |
| きっちり | きっちり | kitchiri | exactly, tightly | adverb |
| ぎっしり | ぎっしり | gisshiri | tightly packed, densely | adverb |
| がっしり | がっしり | gasshiri | solidly built, sturdy | adverb |
| どっしり | どっしり | dosshiri | weighty, imposing | adverb |
| あっさり | あっさり | assari | easily; plain, light (of taste) | adverb |
| きっぱり | きっぱり | kippari | flatly, once and for all | adverb |
| ゆったり | ゆったり | yuttari | relaxed, roomy | adverb |
| じっくり | じっくり | jikkuri | thoroughly, taking one's time | adverb |
| そっくり | そっくり | sokkuri | exactly alike; entirely | adverb |
| ずらり | ずらり | zurari | in a long row | adverb |
| ぴたり | ぴたり | pitari | exactly; suddenly stopping | adverb |
| ふと | ふと | futo | suddenly, by chance (of a thought) | adverb |
| つくづく | つくづく | tsukuzuku | deeply, keenly (feeling) | adverb |
| しみじみ | しみじみ | shimijimi | keenly, with deep feeling | adverb |
| まちまち | まちまち | machimachi | various, all different | な-adjective |
| めっきり | めっきり | mekkiri | markedly, noticeably | adverb |