Grammar (JLPT N1)
165 worksheets · CC BY-SA 4.0 · RU
- 〜あってのThe second N exists only thanks to the first: 'there is no B without A'. Marks an indispensable precondition; slightly formal, common in set phrases and speeches.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜いかんで（は）Says the outcome depends entirely on N. Stiff, written or formal-spoken register, common in notices and business talk.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜いかんによらず / 〜いかんにかかわらずMeans the result holds regardless of N. Very formal written style; typical of rules, contracts and official announcements.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜はいざ知らずSets X aside as a possible exception and asserts something different about the main case. Formal, slightly literary; often mildly critical.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 一概に〜ないDenies a sweeping judgment: you can't say it applies across the board. Neutral to formal; common in discussion and writing.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜の至りExpresses an emotion at its peak, e.g. 光栄の至り. Very formal, set-phrase-like; used in speeches and greetings.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜の極みStates that something has reached an extreme limit. Formal and written; used with both positive and negative nouns.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜に堪えないWith 見る/聞く it means too painful to watch or listen to; with emotion nouns it means overflowing with that feeling. Formal, written.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜うが〜まいがSays the result is the same whether or not the action happens. Formal-ish, emphatic; common in written and assertive speech.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜（よ）うにも〜ないMeans you want to do it but circumstances make it impossible. Neutral register; the second verb must be a potential negative.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜（よ）うものならIntroduces an unlikely or ill-advised action and warns of a serious consequence. Emphatic, somewhat literary.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜かたがたDoing B while also serving purpose A, typically a visit or letter. Very formal, mostly written correspondence and business greetings.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜かたわらDescribes a secondary long-term activity carried on alongside one's main occupation. Formal, written register.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜がてらDoing B while taking the chance offered by A; the two happen at once. Slightly formal but used in everyday speech about outings.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜が早いかThe second action follows the first almost instantly. Written, narrative register; used for past, surprising events.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜が最後 / 〜たら最後Once the action happens, a bad or unstoppable result inevitably follows. Emphatic; 〜たら最後 is the more colloquial variant.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜限りだStates that the speaker feels an emotion to the utmost degree. Formal-ish written or careful speech; only with emotion adjectives.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜きらいがあるPoints out an undesirable tendency someone or something has. Formal, mildly critical; common in analysis and commentary.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜極まる / 〜極まりないSays a quality is at its absolute extreme, almost always a negative one. Formal, written; attaches to na-adjective stems.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ごとき / 〜ごとくA literary equivalent of ようだ/ように, meaning 'like' or 'as if'. Also used after a person noun for self-deprecation or contempt.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜こととてGives a reason, usually while apologizing or asking indulgence. Old-fashioned and very formal; letters and polite speech.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ことなしにMeans 'without doing A, B is impossible' or 'B happens without A'. Formal, written register.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜始末だReports that a bad situation ended up even worse than expected. Critical, exasperated tone; written and spoken narrative.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ずくめSays something is entirely made up of one thing or colour. Neutral register; used with a limited set of nouns.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ずじまいSays something one intended to do never got done, with a note of regret. Slightly literary but used in everyday speech too.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜すらAn emphatic 'even', citing an extreme case to imply the rest. Literary and formal; さえ is the everyday equivalent.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜そばからSays that as soon as A is done, B undoes it, again and again. Used for repeated, often frustrating situations.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- ただ〜のみMeans 'only this and nothing else', limiting the case strongly. Formal and written; often paired with である or だ.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜だにA literary 'even': stresses that even the minimum case (even imagining it, even a twitch) produces the result. Mostly fixed phrases like 想像するだに and 微動だにしない; written and formal.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜たりともAttaches to 'one + counter' and combines with a negative to mean 'not even one'. Emphatic and formal, common in rules, speeches and written notices.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜たる（者）Formal written equivalent of である: 'someone in the position of X'. Used to state the duties or conduct expected of that role, often with should/must.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜つ〜つPairs two opposite or paired verbs to show two actions repeating alternately. A literary, set-phrase pattern: 行きつ戻りつ, 抜きつ抜かれつ, 押しつ押されつ.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜であれ / 〜であろうと'No matter what/who it is' — concedes any case, often after a question word or たとえ. Formal, common in written rules and speeches.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜であれ〜であれLists two (or more) contrasting nouns to say 'whether A or B, the same applies'. Formal and written; the second clause states what holds in every case.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜てからというもの'Ever since X, things have been different' — marks a turning point after which a lasting change continues. More emphatic and slightly formal than 〜てから.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜でなくてなんだろうA rhetorical question: 'if this isn't X, what is?' The speaker asserts strongly that it can only be X. Emotional and literary, used in essays and commentary.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜て（は）かなわないSays a situation is more than the speaker can put up with. Complaining tone, used in spoken and casual written Japanese; often with こう or 毎日 to stress repetition.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜てやまないExpresses a feeling the speaker holds sincerely and without end. Used only with emotion verbs (願う, 祈る, 愛する, 期待する); formal written or ceremonial speech.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜と相まって'Combined with X' — two factors work together to produce a stronger effect, usually a good or notable one. Formal written style, common in news and reports.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜とあってGives a special, unusual circumstance as the reason for a resulting scene. The result is an observed fact, not the speaker's own action; typical of news writing.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜とあれば'If it is for X / if it is a case of X, then (I will go that far)'. Marks a special condition that justifies unusual effort. Formal, somewhat literary.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜といい〜といいPicks out two representative points and evaluates the whole: 'both A and B (are like this)'. Carries the speaker's judgment, praise or criticism; formal-ish but usable in speech.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜といえどもLiterary 'even though / even X': admits a strong case and then denies the expected conclusion. Formal written style, common in editorials and speeches.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜といったらない / 〜といったらありはしない'Indescribably, extremely' — the degree is beyond words, usually of a negative feeling. といったらありはしない (spoken: ありゃしない) is stronger and more emotional.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ときたらRaises a familiar person or thing as a topic in order to complain about it. Conversational and blunt; the following clause is critical or exasperated.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ところを'Although it is a time when...' — acknowledges the listener's inconvenient situation before thanking or apologizing. Set polite phrase in business and formal speech.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜としたところで'Even supposing X / even from X's standpoint, the result won't change'. Concessive and formal; the second clause is usually negative or pessimistic.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜とはいえ'Even so / although that is true' — accepts the first fact, then states something that goes against what you would expect from it. Slightly formal, usable in writing and speech.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜とばかりに'As if to say X' — describes an attitude or action so clear it is almost spoken. The words are not actually said; written and descriptive style.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ともなると / 〜ともなれば'Once you reach the stage of X, naturally...' — a high level, age or occasion brings consequences that don't apply at lower levels. Formal, common in commentary.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜と思いきや'I thought X, but in fact...' — the speaker's expectation is overturned, often with surprise. Literary and somewhat playful; used in writing and lively speech.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ないではおかない / 〜ずにはおかないStates that something will inevitably be caused, or that the speaker is determined not to let the matter rest. Strong and formal; ずには is the more literary form.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ないまでも'Even if not as far as X, at least Y' — sets a high level, denies it, then names a lower but acceptable level. Formal-neutral, common in advice and reports.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ないものでもないA double negative: 'it's not that I couldn't / it may be possible under the right conditions'. Cautious and indirect, typical of careful adult conversation.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ながらに / 〜ながらのShows a state that stays unchanged while something happens: 'in that state, just as it is'. Mostly fixed expressions (涙ながらに, 昔ながらの, 生まれながらの); literary.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜なくして（は）'Without X, (Y is impossible)' — states an indispensable condition, always followed by a negative or impossibility. Formal written style, common in speeches and slogans.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜なしに（は）Means 'without doing X'. With には it stresses that the result would be impossible otherwise. Stiff, written/formal register; the spoken equivalent is 〜ないで／〜ずに.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ならではMarks something that only this person, place or thing could produce — a compliment, not a neutral statement. Common in reviews, ads and travel writing.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜なり'The moment someone did A, they did B' — the same person, and B is sudden or unexpected. Written/narrative register; the second clause is normally past tense and never a command or intention.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜なり〜なりOffers two example options and implies others are fine too: 'do A or B, whichever'. Used in advice or instructions to someone of equal or lower status, so avoid it with superiors.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜にあって'Being in (a special situation or position)'. Sets up a circumstance that explains what follows; with も it means 'even in'. Formal written style, common in news and speeches.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜に至る / 〜に至るまで〜に至る means a process finally reaches some result or place; 〜に至るまで means 'all the way down to / even including'. Formal written style, typical of reports and news.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜に至ってはPicks out the most extreme example from a bad situation: 'and as for X, it's even worse'. Always carries a negative or critical evaluation. Formal, mainly written.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜に関わる'Has a serious bearing on X' — used when something important such as life, reputation or trust is at stake. Fixed with weighty nouns; formal, common in news and business.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜に難くない'It is not hard to imagine/guess'. Used almost only with 想像する, 察する and 理解する. Very formal written Japanese, typical of essays, editorials and condolences.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜にしてTwo uses: after a number or stage it means 'only at / not until'; after a noun it links two qualities, 'both A and B'. Literary and formal, rare in casual speech.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜に即して'In line with' facts, rules, reality or precedent — you take the standard as it is and act accordingly. Formal written register, common in law, policy and business documents.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜に足る'Worthy of / good enough to' — states that something has sufficient value to deserve the action. Stiff literary style; the negative 〜に足りない means 'not worth it'.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜にとどまらず'Not stopping at X, but extending further'. Shows that the scope of something spreads beyond the first, narrower range. Formal written style, very common in news reports.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜には及ばないAfter a verb it politely declines: 'there is no need to'. After a noun it means 'is no match for'. Polite and formal; the verb use often appears as 〜には及びません.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜には当たらない'There's no need to / it isn't worth' reacting that way — used to calm down an over-reaction such as surprise, anger or blame. Formal; pairs with 驚く, 責める, 落ち込む, 感心する.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜にひきかえSets two things side by side to stress how opposite they are, usually praising one and criticizing the other. Carries the speaker's subjective judgment; formal, mostly written.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜にもまして'Even more than X' — X was already high, and now it exceeds that. Often with 例年, 以前, 何 and question words. Formal written style, also used in set greetings.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜のなんのってCasual spoken exaggeration: 'it was unbelievably ...'. Repeats the adjective or verb to stress an extreme degree. Very colloquial — never use it in writing or formal speech.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜はおろか'Not to mention X — even Y'. A is the obvious case and B, the easier or smaller thing, is also impossible or true. Formal written style; the second clause usually takes も and a negative.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ばこそ'Precisely because' — emphatically gives the one real reason, usually a positive or well-meant one. Literary and formal; the sentence typically ends in のだ／のです.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜はさておき'Leaving X aside for now' — you set a side issue apart and move to the main point. Neutral to formal; frequent in meetings, presentations and articles.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ばそれまでだ'If that happens, everything is over and nothing can be done'. Warns that one event would make all prior effort meaningless. Formal-ish spoken and written; 〜ばそれまでのことだ is the fuller form.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜間際に'Just before' a moment that is about to arrive, often with a sense of rush or bad timing. Attaches to nouns or dictionary-form verbs; neutral register, common at work.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜まじきClassical negative 'must not / ought never to', used to condemn behavior unworthy of a role. Almost always in the set phrase N + にあるまじき + noun. Very formal written style.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜までだ / 〜までのことだWith V-dict it means 'I'll simply do X, that's all' — a calm fallback plan. With V-ta it means 'I merely did X, nothing more'. Formal, slightly stiff spoken and written.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜まみれ'Covered all over in' an unpleasant substance such as mud, blood, dust or sweat; also figuratively 借金まみれ. Always negative. Neutral register, common in speech and writing.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜めくTurns a noun into a verb meaning 'take on the air of / show signs of X'. Mostly seen as 〜めいた or 〜めいて; a literary, slightly poetic word used for seasons and tones of speech.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜もさることながら'A is certainly true, but B is even more so' — you admit the first point and then put greater weight on the second. Formal written style, common in reviews and speeches.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ものをExpresses regret or reproach: something good could easily have happened, but it didn't. Often follows a conditional and trails off. Written or emotional spoken register.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜（ん）がため（に）States a strong, deliberate purpose: 'in order to'. Stiff, literary or formal-written register; not used in casual speech.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ゆえ（に）Formal, written 'because of / owing to'. Same meaning as から/ので but restricted to essays, notices and speeches.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜をおいて'There is no one/nothing other than X'. Used with a negative to single out the only suitable option; formal, praising tone.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜を限りにMarks a time as the final point: 'as of / with today, this month…, it ends'. Formal, common in announcements.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜を皮切りに'Starting with X', where X is the first of a series that then expands or spreads. Written and news register.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜を禁じ得ない'I cannot help feeling…' — a spontaneous emotion the speaker cannot hold back. Stiff written register; only with emotion nouns.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜を機に'Taking X as an opportunity', where X is a turning point that prompts a positive change or new start. Slightly formal.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜を境にMarks a point in time as a dividing line: before and after it, the situation clearly changes. Neutral-to-formal, often written.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜を踏まえて'On the basis of / taking X into account', where X is data, opinions or past experience used as a foundation for a decision. Business and academic register.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜をもってFormal 'by means of' (method) or 'as of' (a set time at which something takes effect or ends). Typical of notices and ceremonies.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜をものともせずに'Undaunted by X' — someone faces a hardship or obstacle without letting it stop them. Written, admiring tone; not used about oneself.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜を余儀なくされる'Be forced to do X' by circumstances beyond one's control, with a sense of regret. Formal written and news register.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜をよそに'Paying no attention to X', where X is others' worry, opposition or expectation. Critical or detached tone; written register.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜んばかりに'As if about to do X' — describes an appearance or manner that stops just short of the action. Literary; used to describe others.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ずには済まない'You can't get away without doing X' — social pressure or circumstances make the action unavoidable. Formal written equivalent of 〜ないでは済まない.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜なくもないDouble negative meaning 'it's not that I don't…' — grudging or partial admission. Neutral spoken and written; softens the speaker's stance.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ないでもないDouble negative 'not entirely un-…': the speaker admits a slight degree of feeling or willingness, with reservation. Slightly formal.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜に越したことはない'Nothing beats X / it's best if X' — states a commonsense preference, often as friendly advice. Common in both speech and writing.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜に堪える'Is worth doing / can bear' — the thing has enough quality to be worth reading, watching or appreciating. Formal written; the negative 〜に堪えない is more common.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜手前'Since I'm in front of / have said X, I can't back out' — social face obliges the speaker to act a certain way. Spoken and written, slightly formal.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜たところで'Even if you do X, it won't help' — a hypothetical whose result is useless or negative. Always followed by a negative or futile outcome; slightly formal.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜べくFormal, written 'in order to'. Same as ために but restricted to reports, news and stiff speech; the following clause states a deliberate action.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜べくもない'There is no way one could X' — the action is impossible from the outset, given one's position or circumstances. Literary; used with verbs like 知る, 望む, 比べる.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ものと思われる'It is thought / believed that…' — an impersonal, cautious conclusion based on evidence. Standard in news reports and official documents.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- わけてもLiterary adverb meaning 'above all, especially': singles out one item as outstanding within a group already mentioned. Written register only.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- いかに〜てもFormal 'no matter how…': concedes an extreme degree yet the result still holds. Written or formal-speech version of どんなに〜ても.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- なんら〜ないEmphatic 'not … in the least / no … whatsoever'. The adverb なんら strengthens a following negative; formal written and official register.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- とても〜ないWith a negative, とても means "cannot possibly." It stresses that something is completely beyond one's ability or belief. Neutral register, common in both speech and writing.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 二度と〜ない"Never again" — a firm statement that something will not happen or be done a second time. Used in both speech and writing, often with resolve, regret or warning.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 皆目〜ないStiff written-style adverb meaning "not at all, not in the least." Used only with negatives and almost always about knowing or understanding, as in 皆目見当がつかない.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 一切〜ない"None whatsoever." 一切 with a negative denies something completely. Formal and emphatic, typical of notices, rules and official statements.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- ろくに〜ない"Hardly, not properly." Says that something is not done adequately or enough. Conversational, and it usually carries complaint or reproach.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- ひとり〜のみならずVery formal written pattern meaning "not merely X, but also." Here ひとり means "only"; editorials and speeches use it to widen the scope of an issue.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ないとも限らないDouble negative meaning "there's no guarantee it won't happen." Warns about a low but real possibility. Somewhat formal; common in cautious advice and writing.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜とも限らない"Not necessarily, not always the case." Denies that a general assumption always holds. Slightly formal; used in argument and careful speech.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜か否かFormal written equivalent of 〜かどうか, "whether or not." Found in reports, legal texts and news writing; too stiff for casual conversation.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜はまだしも"X is one thing, but ..." Contrasts a barely tolerable case with something clearly unacceptable that follows. Slightly formal and usually complaining.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ならまだしも"If it were X that would be one thing, but ..." Raises an excusable hypothetical, then criticizes the real situation. Slightly formal, dissatisfied tone.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ないものかExpresses a strong wish: "Isn't there some way to ...?" Mixes frustration with hope. Slightly literary; often appears with the potential form.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜でしかない"Is nothing more than X." Dismisses something as having no greater value or meaning. Used in writing and considered speech, usually critically.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜以外の何ものでもないEmphatic written phrase: "is nothing other than X." Labels something decisively, usually with an evaluative or critical noun.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜のももっともだ"It's only natural that ..." Shows sympathy with someone's reaction, especially anger or complaint. Neutral to slightly formal.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜だけましだ"At least it's better than the worst case." Accepts a bad situation by pointing to one saving grace. Conversational, with a resigned tone.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜くらいなら"Rather than do X, I'd sooner do Y." X is presented as the option the speaker finds unbearable. Common in speech and writing alike.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ぐらいのものだ"X is about the only one; that's about all there is." Limits the scope to one small case, often with mild resignation. Used in speech and writing.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜てまで / 〜までして"Going so far as to do X." Marks an extreme, often excessive means taken to reach a goal, usually with criticism or surprise. 〜までして follows a noun.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ばきりがない"There's no end to it once you start." Says that listing, wanting or fixing something could go on forever. Neutral; frequent in explanations.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜っぱなしAdded to a verb stem, it means "left in that state" or "kept doing without a break." Often criticizes neglect; colloquial in tone.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜こそすれFormal written pattern: "it may well do X, but certainly not Y." Affirms one thing emphatically while denying the opposite in the following clause.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜なりともLiterary "even just, at least." Attached to small quantities to ask for or offer a minimum. Old-fashioned; appears in formal letters and set phrases.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜からある / 〜からするEmphasizes a large quantity: "as much as, no less than." 〜からある is used for size, weight or length, 〜からする for price. Written or formal speech.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ときては"When it comes to X." Singles out a topic in order to criticize it or explain a consequence. Colloquial and emphatic; 〜ときたら is the same.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜（よ）うか〜まいか"Whether to do X or not." Expresses wavering between doing something and not doing it. Slightly formal; common in narration and considered speech.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ぶりに"After an interval of X." States how long it has been since something last happened. Neutral and very common in conversation and news.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ぐるみA suffix meaning "the whole of, involving everyone in" — 家族ぐるみ, 町ぐるみ, 会社ぐるみ. Neutral, though 組織ぐるみ usually implies collective wrongdoing.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜びる / 〜じみるAttaches to a noun to say something takes on the air or appearance of it. 〜びる is fairly neutral (大人びる); 〜じみる is usually negative (子供じみる, 芝居じみる). Mostly written/formal.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ながらのMeans 'in the same state as X, unchanged', used to modify a noun. Attaches to a limited set of words (昔, 生まれ, いつも, 涙). Formal and somewhat literary.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜とはMarks the preceding fact as surprising or hard to believe. Often followed by 驚きだ／情けない, or left unfinished for effect. Emphatic, written or careful spoken style.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜というものはないStates flatly that the thing named does not exist anywhere. Used for sweeping general truths; formal, common in essays and lectures.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜までのことはないSays an action is too trivial to be worth going that far. A stronger, more formal variant of 〜までもない, common in business speech and writing.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜に忍びないExpresses that one cannot bear to do something because it is too painful or feels wrong. Literary and formal; pairs with verbs like 見る, 聞く, 捨てる.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜にかなうMeans to match or satisfy a standard, condition or expectation. Fixed collocations include 理にかなう, 条件にかなう, お眼鏡にかなう. Formal, mostly written.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜に臨んでMeans 'on the occasion of / facing' an important event such as a ceremony, match or negotiation. Formal written style, typical of speeches and news.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜たるやPicks up a topic and leads into a statement about how extreme it is. Strongly literary and emphatic; found in essays, reviews and dramatic narration.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜折にMeans 'on the occasion of / when the chance arises'. Polite and formal, common in letters and business speech; not used for everyday trivial events.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜に寄せてMeans 'in connection with / dedicated to' an event or anniversary, typically introducing a written piece or gesture offered for that occasion. Formal written style.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜として〜ないWith 一 plus a counter, emphasizes 'not even one'. Complete negation; formal, common in reports and written accounts.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ずしてA literary equivalent of 〜ないで／〜なくて, meaning 'without doing'. Appears in proverbs, formal writing and set phrases such as 戦わずして勝つ.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜にしたところでMeans 'even in X's case / even from X's standpoint', leading to a negative conclusion. Formal, mainly written; a stiffer version of 〜にしても.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜はひとまずSets a topic aside for now so that something else can be dealt with first. Neutral to formal; frequent in meetings and business writing.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜でなくてはMeans 'unless it is X, ... not': only X can do or produce the result. Followed by a negative; formal to neutral, used in speech and writing alike.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜ものなら（可能形）With a potential verb, expresses a wish for something the speaker knows is hard or impossible to realize. Emotional; common in both speech and writing.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜を経てMeans 'after passing through' a period, process or stage before reaching the next state. Formal written style, typical of news and reports.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜につけてMeans 'every time / whenever', with the second clause showing a feeling or thought that arises naturally. Attaches to perception verbs; slightly literary.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜といったところだGives an approximate figure or level, implying 'at most, no more than that'. Neutral to slightly formal; common in reports and conversation about numbers.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜にかけてはSingles out a field of skill and praises someone as best in it. The second clause is always positive. Neutral to formal; used in speech and writing.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜よりほかないStates that no option remains but this one, often with reluctance. A formal equivalent of 〜しかない; common in writing and careful speech.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜までもなくMeans the action is unnecessary because the matter is obvious or minor. Often in the set phrase 言うまでもなく. Formal, mainly written.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜につけ〜につけPairs two opposite words to mean 'in either case, whether A or B'. The second clause states something that always holds. Literary and set-phrase-like.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
- 〜にあるUsed to state where a cause, aim or responsibility lies. Takes an abstract noun as subject (原因・目的・責任は〜にある). Formal written style.🖨 Лист для печати → 📅 PDF coming soon
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